Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming

Dement, William C.; Kleitman, Nathaniel

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(57)90088-3

Cited by 1,696 publications

(470 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

430

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Awake-sleep transition-When an awake, alert person gradually falls asleep there is a transition from being fully awake to being clearly asleep. This transition is of great importance to understanding clinically relevant changes in alertness and sustained attention and is associated with well-established EEG changes (Dement and Kleitman, 1957;Matousek and Petersen, 1983;Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968;Santamaria and Chiappa, 1987b). Some EEG changes in stage 1 sleep relate to the alpha rhythm: anteriorization, slowing by 0.5-2.0 Hz, fluctuations in amplitude and, eventually, loss of alpha activity.…”

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One physiologic change associated with state 1 sleep and formally included in staging is the presence of slow lateral eye movements (Dement and Kleitman, 1957;Ogilvie et al, 1988;Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968). These slow eye movements (SEMs) may be maximal in an EEG defined awake state with alpha still present and may be the first sign of decreased alertness in up to 50% of subjects (Shimazono et al, 1965;Santamaria and Chiappa, 1987b).…”

Section: Physiological Changes Other Than Eegmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

660

463

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

show abstract

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Changes Other Than Eegmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

660

463

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In fact, the basic tenet that sleep results from the removal of such excitation is central to current thinking; however, early studies assumed a passive waning of activity rather than what is now known to be an active ''off switch''. The discovery of REM sleep, [3][4][5] characterized by the apparent paradox of behavioural sleep in the presence of an awake-looking cortex, helped to change this view. Evidence of a sleep ''switch'' first emerged from Moruzzi et al in a series of experiments (reviewed by Bremer) 2 in which they reported a permanent state of wakefulness following transection of-and later barbiturate application to-the caudal brainstem (subsequently defined as within the nucleus of the solitary tract [NTS]) of sleeping rats, suggesting inhibition of a hypnogenic region.…”

Section: How Is Sleep Initiated and Maintained?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep and general anesthesia

Franks

Zecharia

2010

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose The mechanisms through which general anesthetics cause reversible loss of consciousness are characterized poorly. In this review, we examine the evidence that anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness may be caused by actions on the neuronal pathways that produce natural sleep. Principal findings It is clear that many general anesthetics produce effects in the brain (detected on electroencephalogram recordings) that are similar to those seen during non-rapid eye movement non-(REM) sleep. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic hypnogenic neurons are thought to be critical for generating non-REM sleep through their inhibitory projections to wake-active regions of the brain. The postsynaptic GABA A receptor is a major molecular target of many anesthetics and thus may be a point of convergence between natural sleep and anesthesia. Furthermore, we also present growing evidence in this review that modulating wake-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine, histamine) release can impact on anesthesia, supporting the idea that this point of convergence is at the level of the brain arousal systems. Conclusions While it is clear that general anesthetics can have effects at various points in the sleep-wake circuitry, it remains to be seen which points are true anesthetic targets. It will be challenging to separate nonspecific effects on baseline arousal from a causal mechanism. Sophisticated experimental approaches are necessary to address basic mechanisms of sleep and anesthesia and should advance our understanding in both of these fields. RésuméObjectif Les me´canismes par lesquels les anesthe´siques ge´ne´raux induisent une perte de conscience re´versible sont mal caracte´rise´s. Dans ce compte-rendu, nous examinons les donne´es probantes qui soutiennent que la perte de conscience induite par l'anesthe´sie pourrait eˆtre provoque´e par des actions sur les voies neuronales qui produisent le sommeil naturel. Constatations principales Il est clair que plusieurs anesthe´siques ge´ne´raux produisent des effets sur le cerveau (tels que de´tecte´s lors de l'enregistrement d'e´lectroence´phalogrammes) qui ressemblent a`ceux observe´s pendant le sommeil lent. On pense que les neurones hypnoge`nes GABAergiques sont des e´le´ments cruciaux pour la ge´ne´ration du sommeil lent en raison de leurs projections inhibitrices dans les re´gions du cerveau actives a`l'e´veil. Le re´cepteur GABA A post-synaptique est une importante cible mole´culaire de plusieurs anesthe´siques et pourrait par conse´quent constituer un point de convergence entre le sommeil naturel et l'anesthe´sie. De plus, nous pre´sentons aussi dans ce compte-rendu des donne´es probantes de plus en plus nombreuses qui sugge`rent que la modulation de la libe´ration des neurotransmetteurs actifs a`l'e´veil (par ex., acetylcholine, histamine) pourrait avoir un impact sur l'anesthe´sie, ce qui corrobore l'hypothe`se selon laquelle ce point de convergence se situe au niveau des syste`mes d'e´veil du cerveau.

show abstract

“…5,8,12,16 They are low-voltage fast waves in the sensorimotor cortex, hypersynchronized theta waves in the hippocampus and a complete abolition of the tonic activity of the neck muscles. During this phase of sleep the PA occurs in a burst-like form.…”

Section: Differentiation Of Sleeping Stagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Types of Light Sleep and Central Visual Function in Cats

Kasamatsu

Iwama

1966

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Using cats carrying permanent electrodes, the central visual function was studied during the three phases of natural sleep (LS1, LS2, and DS). LS, and LS2 are the phases of light sleep (high-voltage slow wave sleep); LS1 is characterized by spindle activity and occasional desynchronized activity of the sensorimotor cortical EEG, whereas during LS2 slow waves are predominant. DS corresponds to so-called deep sleep (low-voltage fast wave sleep).1. Sensorimotor cortical and hippocampal electrographic signs of the three phases of sleep were studied quantitatively by means of an automatic frequency analyser.2. It was shown during a long course of sleep-wakefulness cycle that the three phases of sleep could be identified with a good accuracy not only on the basis of the cortical and hippocampal EEGs but also by observing spontaneous activities of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) and posterior neck muscles.3. Antidromic responsiveness of the optic tract (OT) terminals was always highest during DS and decreased from LS1 to LS2 4. Orthodromic responsiveness of the OT terminals was minimum during DS and increased from LS1 to LS2. Sometimes, the responsiveness during DS was highest and decreased from LS2 to LS1.5. Postsynaptic responsiveness of the LGB was highest during DS. The lowest responsiveness was seen in some cases during LS1 and in others during LS2.6. Action of spontaneous spiky waves of the LGB (phasic activity of Jouvet) upon pre and postsynaptic responsiveness of the LGB was studied during LS2 and DS. Suppression of the orthodromic responsiveness of the OT terminals and facilitation of the postsynaptic LGB neurons were seen equally in the two phases of sleep.7. Responsiveness of the visual cortex tended to be highest during LS2 and to decrease from DS to LS1. Fluctuation of the responsiveness was very marked during LS2.Many workers have presented ample evidence that synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability at the cortical and subcortical levels are modified during the sleep-wakefulness cycle of freely behaving animals.

show abstract

Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming

Cited by 1,696 publications

References 28 publications

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Sleep and general anesthesia

Two Types of Light Sleep and Central Visual Function in Cats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About