Cyclic Undrained Triaxial Strength of Sand by a Cooperative Test Program

Toki, Shosuke; Tatsuoka, Fumio; Miura, Seiichi; Yoshimi, Yoshiaki; Yasuda, Susumu; Makihara, Yorio

doi:10.3208/sandf1972.26.3_117

Cited by 80 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Regarding the test material, Toyoura sand was purchased at once by TC29-JGS and distributed to the participating institutions including a nozzle for sample preparation. Here, the reasons for selecting the Toyoura sand as test material and air-pluviation method as the test method were: i) the past parallel tests using laboratory test equipment were conducted with this material Toki et al, 1986;Miura et al, 1994), ii) the same sand was used for the parallel tests performed to evaluate the deformation behaviour (Toki et al, 1995), and iii) the previous international simultaneous test by TC-29 (Yamashita et al, 2001) also used the same test material. In addition, the large amount of accumulated test data on Toyoura sand in Japan as well as in many other countries worldwide ascertained ample opportunities to compare the results with past records.…”

Section: Test Speciˆcationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of International Parallel Test on the Measurement of Gmax Using Bender Elements

Yamashita

Kawaguchi

Nakata

et al. 2009

Soils and Foundations

194

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This report summarizes the results of international parallel test on the measurement of the elastic shear modulus at very small strains, Gmax, using bender elements which was carried out from 2003 to 2005 by technical committee, TC29 (Stress-strain and Strength Testing of Geomaterials) of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. The purpose was to evaluate the consistency of the bender element test results obtained by applying the exactly similar test material as well as the test method besides identifying the various existing hardware and software being used in this test. It was decided that the domestic TC29 group of Japanese Geotechnical Society (TC29-JGS) was expected to lead this international co-operation. By 2005, reports of the test results were obtained from 23 institutions from 11 countries. This report has been prepared by TC29-JGS taking a leading role from the beginning. A standard test method is proposed here in order to obtain more accurate data from the bender element test by examining various test methods adopted at diŠerent institutions worldwide and the eŠects of various factors on the test results.

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Section: Test Speciˆcationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of International Parallel Test on the Measurement of Gmax Using Bender Elements

Yamashita

Kawaguchi

Nakata

et al. 2009

Soils and Foundations

194

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“…Typical results of the cyclic triaxial tests on Toyoura sand (Japanese Standard sand) are shown in Fig. 4, (Toki et al 1986), 1) where the cyclic stress ratio causing 5% double amplitude of axial strain is plotted versus the number of cycles of load application. The data in Fig.…”

Section: Mechanism and Definition Of Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the soil column moves as a deformable body, the actual shear stress will be less than that given by Eq. [1] and might be expressed by, …”

Section: Mechanism and Definition Of Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic strength of imperfectly saturated sands and analysis of liquefaction

Ishihara

Tsukamoto

2004

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biologic

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Abstract:The simplified method of analysis to assess liquefaction potential of a given sand deposit is briefly introduced in the first part of this paper. Then, recent advances in the laboratory testing for evaluating liquefaction resistance are described with a particular emphasis on the sand partly saturated with water. As a means to identify the degree of saturation which is applicable for both field deposits and laboratory samples, the use of the longitudinal wave (P-wave) is proposed based on a suite of data obtained from the triaxial tests in the laboratory. It is recommended that the non-destructive P-wave measurements be carried out first to determine the degree of saturation, and then the cyclic triaxial tests involving large destructive strains should be performed to determine the cyclic strength on the same sample of the sand. In order to demonstrate usefulness of the proposed approach, two sets of undisturbed samples were secured from two sites; one is located in Sakai-minato city which has suffered severe liquefaction at the time of the 2000 Tottoriken-Seibu earthquake and the other site is located in Koshigaya city, Saitama, where likelihood of liquefaction to occur in a future earthquake is of major concern. Penetration tests and in-situ velocity logging were also conducted at these two sites. By adjusting the P-wave velocity of the undisturbed samples in the laboratory so as to have the same velocity in the field, the in-situ state of saturation was reproduced in the laboratory samples. Then, the cyclic loading tests were conducted to determine the cyclic strength of intact samples. The results of the laboratory tests as above were incorporated into the simple method of liquefaction analysis described in the first section of this paper. The analysis seems to yield results which are in reasonably good agreement with what was observed at the time of the earthquake.

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“…The initial shear modulus ratio, G 0 /s 0 m , was established according to Oka et al (2004). Thereafter, the remaining input parameters were determined by the data adjustment method to reproduce the results of the undrained cyclic triaxial test (Toki et al, 1986;Yamamoto et al, 2009) in terms of the liquefaction strength curve, shear stress-strain relation, and effective stress path. Fig.…”

Section: Determination Of Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 4 shows the test results (Toki et al, 1986;Yamamoto et al, 2009) and simulated results of the liquefaction strength curve for Toyoura sand at relative density D r ¼ 50% and 90%. The simulated results correspond well with the test results.…”

Section: Determination Of Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of centrifuge tests to evaluate the performance of desaturation by air injection on liquefiable foundation soil of light structures

Marasini

Okamura

2015

Soils and Foundations

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Four dynamic centrifuge tests were conducted to study the performance of a newly developed countermeasure technique against soil liquefaction: "desaturation by air injection". In the experiment, liquefiable foundation soils below lightweight structures were desaturated by the air injection technique and base shaking was imparted to the models to obtain a comprehensive set of response data. In this study, numerical simulations of these experiments were conducted by using a two-phase (solid and fluid) fully coupled finite-element code, Coupled Analysis of Liquefaction (LIQCA-2D), to validate the numerical procedures. The mechanical properties of the soil in the saturated and desaturated zones in the models were exactly the same, with the exception of the degree of saturation. The simulation attempted to examine the desaturated models by changing the compressibility of the pore fluid, in which all input parameters for saturated and desaturated models were the same except for the bulk modulus, K f . Numerical results were comparable with the test results in terms of excess pore pressures and settlement of structures for both saturated and desaturated models. This validates the numerical procedure and further assures the effectiveness of desaturation by the air injection technique as a liquefaction countermeasure.

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Cyclic Undrained Triaxial Strength of Sand by a Cooperative Test Program

Cited by 80 publications

References 5 publications

Interpretation of International Parallel Test on the Measurement of Gmax Using Bender Elements

Interpretation of International Parallel Test on the Measurement of Gmax Using Bender Elements

Cyclic strength of imperfectly saturated sands and analysis of liquefaction

Numerical simulation of centrifuge tests to evaluate the performance of desaturation by air injection on liquefiable foundation soil of light structures

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