Cyclic Stress-Strain Curves of Concrete and Steel Bars in Membrane Elements

Modeling and investigation of elasto-plastic behavior of steel–concrete composite frame systems

“…After the formation of cracking in concrete, the stress of a steel bar decreases from the maximum at the crack to the minimum at the midpoint between two adjacent cracks. Consequently, the concrete stress is zero at the crack and increases to the maximum at the midpoint [16]. When the steel bar is about to yield, the bar at the crack yields first but the one at the midpoint between two adjacent cracks is still with low stress.…”

effect of slender RC columns under seismic load

“…In addition, the unloading-reloading branches that always pass the origin regardless of the loading history are assumed in the tension region (see Fig. 3(b)), as the application of the introduced numerical model is limited to RC frame structures [15,16]. Previous investigations by Vecchio [17] and by Kwak and Kim [15] showed that passing the origin of unloading and reloading curves and employing plastic strain offsets to a hysteresis model both lead to feasible results, although the model underestimates the energy absorption capacity.…”

Effect of damping model on pre-yielding earthquake response of structures

“…(5) and (6) are employed quite often to describe the hysteretic behavior of nonlinear structural systems (e.g., [13][14][15]). Usually, they are used to formulate empirical models since with the proper selection of the parameters they provide a good approximation to experimentally obtained force-displacement (or stress-strain) curves.…”