Cyclic Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides through Ultrafiltration-Assisted Enzyme Recovery

Abstract

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics manufactured enzymatically from lactose as substrate. The growing GOS market facilitates the valorization of dairy by-products which represent cheap and abundant sources of lactose. Large-scale GOS production typically employs soluble enzymes in batch reactors that are commonly associated with low enzyme usability and, therefore, high operational expenditures. In this study, we investigate the possibility of recovering enzymes by ultrafiltration (UF) and reusing them in repeated reaction steps. The proposed process scheme included 24 h batch reaction steps with Biolacta N5, a commercial enzyme preparation of Bacillus circulans origin. The reaction steps were followed by UF steps to separate the carbohydrate products from the enzymes by applying a volume concentration factor of 8.6. Then, the collected biocatalysts were reused for repeated cycles by adding fresh lactose. Enzyme losses were quantified with a direct method by analyzing the underlying relationship between reaction rates and enzyme dosage obtained from additional experiments conducted with known enzyme loads. Within five cycles, the enzyme activity declined gradually from 923 to 8307 U·kg−1, and the half-life was estimated as ca. 15.3 h. The outcomes of this study may serve as a basis for further optimization of the reported process scheme with enhanced enzyme usability.

Production of Galacto‐Oligosaccharides by Enzymatic Membrane Reactors Using Free β‐Galactosidase

“…Activated carbon adsorption 16–18, bacteria selective fermentation 19, yeast selective fermentation 20–22, chromatography 17, 23, 24 and membrane filtration 17, 25–28 are used for the purification of GOS. Without any contradiction, high time consumption for biochemical reaction and further purification of GOS from saccharide blend in sequential ways are considerable limiting factors for the production of GOS in industrial scale 29. However, chromatographic and microbial selective fermentation technologies can successfully improve the purity of GOS, the high costs of equipment and associated problems to integrate the whole system are limiting factors 30.…”