Cyclic imines in shellfish and ascidians in the northern Adriatic Sea

Spirolides in Bivalve Mollusk of the Galician (NW Spain) Coast: Interspecific, Spatial, Temporal Variation and Presence of an Isomer of 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C

“…On the eastern coast of Canada, for example, the maximum levels were reported in June-July [ 38 ] and May-June [ 19 ]; on Narragansett Bay (RI, USA), in April-June [ 53 ]; and on the Beagle Channel, in the austral summer [ 16 ]. In other locations, such as the Adriatic Sea [ 54 , 55 ] or China (Bohai Gulf) [ 42 ], a secondary maximum in autumn-winter has been reported. However, in the Bay of Biscay, the presence of A. ostenfeldii [ 56 ], and PSP events likely associated with it [ 57 ], were recorded only during late-autumn and winter.…”

Marine natural products

“…625 Synthesis of the proposed structures of bathymodiolamides A and B, originally isolated from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, gave products that exhibited discrepancies in NMR data and in vitro cytotoxicity proles. 626 The seasonal and location variations of levels of cyclic imine toxins in northern Adriatic Sea mussels, oysters, scallops and edible ascidians, 627 gymnodimine A in Spanish molluscs, 628 lipophilic toxins in shellsh from SE China, 629 and Southern Gulf of California, 630 and okadaic acids and pectenotoxin-2 toxins and associated algal species in a lagoon in Sardinia, 631 have been reported. The distribution of other mollusc/bivalve…”

“…The seasonal and location variations of levels of cyclic imine toxins in northern Adriatic Sea mussels, oysters, scallops and edible ascidians, 627 gymnodimine A in Spanish molluscs, 628 lipophilic toxins in shellfish from SE China, 629 and Southern Gulf of California, 630 and okadaic acids and pectenotoxin-2 toxins and associated algal species in a lagoon in Sardinia, 631 have been reported. The distribution of other mollusc/bivalve related toxins including tetrodotoxin in shellfish in southern England, 632 and Central and Northern Adriatic Sea, 633,634 and domoic acid in mussels (Turkey), 635 and bivalves (NW Spain), 636 have also been described.…”

A Review of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish: Worldwide Occurrence, Toxicity and Assessment of the Risk to Consumers

“…In addition to New Zealand, shellfish contaminated with GYMs have been detected in shellfish collected from Bosnia and Herzegovina [ 25 ], Croatia [ 25 , 26 ], France [ 27 ], Italy [ 28 ], Morocco [ 29 ], South Africa [ 30 ], Australia [ 31 ], China [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], Lebanon [ 35 ], Tunisia [ 36 ], Spain [ 37 ], New Caledonia [ 38 ] and Greece [ 39 ]. GYM A has been the dominant compound observed ( Figure 1 ), but GYM B has been detected in shellfish from Lebanon and GYM D has been detected in shellfish originating from Spain.…”

“…As observed for other CI classes, fatty acid esters of SPXs were detected [ 54 ]. SPXs were found in shellfish from Argentina [ 55 ], Croatia [ 26 ], France [ 39 ], Italy [ 28 ], Norway [ 56 ], Portugal [ 57 ], Slovenia [ 58 ], Spain [ 59 ], China [ 60 ], Lebanon [ 35 ], New Zealand [ 61 ], Greece [ 39 ] and the Netherlands [ 15 ]. The dominant SPX detected was 13-desmethyl SPX C, but SPX A, 13-desmethyl SPX D, 13,19-didesmethyl SPX C, SPX C, isoSPX C, 20-methyl SPX G, SPX D, 13,19-didesmethyl SPX C and iso13,19-desmethyl SPX C were also found.…”