Cyclic freeze–thaw as a mechanism for water and salt migration in soil

Bing, Haijian; He, Ping; Zhang, Ying

doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4072-9

Cited by 93 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Water migrates up and down to freezing fronts during soil freezing (Bing et al, 2015;Brown, 1967). This creates air pockets, even in inundated soils, as we saw in our soil cores in agreement with recent studies using CT scans of soil cores collected near Utqiaġvik (Raz-Yaseef et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To better understand the processes leading to these high emissions during spring, soil freezing processes must be considered. During soil freeze, water migrates to top and bottom freezing fronts leaving air pockets in the active layer (Bing, He, & Zhang, 2015; Brown, 1967). Salts and ions are pushed out of freezing water fronts (Bing et al., 2015; Gray & Granger, 1985), which also occurs with gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems

Arndt

Lipson

Hashemi

et al. 2020

Global Change Biology

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Cold seasons in Arctic ecosystems are increasingly important to the annual carbon balance of these vulnerable ecosystems. Arctic winters are largely harsh and inaccessible leading historic data gaps during that time. Until recently, cold seasons have been assumed to have negligible impacts on the annual carbon balance but as data coverage increases and the Arctic warms, the cold season has been shown to account for over half of annual methane (CH 4) emissions and can offset summer photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO 2) uptake. Freeze-thaw cycle dynamics play a critical role in controlling cold season CO 2 and CH 4 loss, but the relationship has not been extensively studied. Here, we analyze freeze-thaw processes through in situ CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in conjunction with soil cores for physical structure and porewater samples for redox biogeochemistry. We find a movement of water toward freezing fronts in soil cores, leaving air spaces in soils, which allows for rapid infiltration of oxygen-rich snow melt in spring as shown by oxidized iron in porewater. The snow melt period coincides with rising ecosystem respiration and can offset up to 41% of the summer CO 2 uptake. Our study highlights this important seasonal process and shows spring greenhouse gas emissions are largely due to production from respiration instead of only bursts of stored gases. Further warming is projected to result in increases of snowpack and deeper thaws, which could increase this ecosystem respiration dominate snow melt period causing larger greenhouse gas losses during spring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems

Arndt

Lipson

Hashemi

et al. 2020

Global Change Biology

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show abstract

“…Freezing and thawing can change soil structure, as well as physical and chemical properties, and affect the spatial and temporal changes of soil moisture, temperature, and salt [24,25]. Temperature is the driving force of soil water and salt migration under freezing and thawing conditions [26]. The freezing process results in a rapid decrease in temperature, and the soil water freezes, while the ablation process heats up rapidly to thaw and evaporate the frozen water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Irrigation Effects on Soil Moisture, Temperature and Salinity, and on Cotton Growth in Salinized Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China

Liu

et al. 2020

Sustainability

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Winter irrigation affected the movement of soil moisture, temperature, and salt, which was an effective improvement measure widely used in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. In this paper, we investigated the effects of different salinized cotton fields (mild salinization (S1), 5.15 g·kg−1; moderate salinization (S2), 8.17 g·kg−1; severe salinization (S3), 11.15 g·kg−1) and different winter irrigation rates (W0, 0 m3·hm-2; W1, 3000 m3·hm-2; W2, 3600 m3·hm-2; W3, 4200 m3·hm-2) on soil moisture, temperature, salinity, and cotton growth in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. The results showed that the winter irrigation affected the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture, temperature, and salinity, and the winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization were significantly correlated with soil moisture, temperature, and salinity (p < 0.01). Winter irrigation stabilized the soil temperature and reduced the freeze–thaw index of the soil. The heat conservation effect of winter irrigation increased with increasing winter irrigation rate and salinization degree, with the greatest effect on the freezing index of S2 and on the thawing index of S3. The soil water content and total salt concentration before spring tillage were significantly correlated with winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization (p < 0.05), and when the winter irrigation quota of different salinized cotton fields was greater than 3600 m3·hm-2, the moisture content of soil layer 0–100cm increased by more than 20%, and the desalination reached over 40%, compared with the values before winter irrigation. Winter irrigation improved the emergence rate and yield of cotton, with the soil salinization degree being significantly negatively correlated and winter irrigation rate significantly positively correlated with the emergence rate and yield of cotton fields in the following year (p < 0.01). Compared with the control treatment without winter irrigation, the average increases in cotton yield were W3 (53.32%) > W2 (45.00%) > W1 (29.36%). There was no significant difference in seedling emergence rate or yield between slightly and moderately salinized cotton fields under high winter irrigation rates (W2 and W3) (p > 0.05), although the seedling emergence rate and yield of severely salinized cotton fields increased significantly with increasing winter irrigation rate. In conclusion, winter irrigation proved to be a valuable treatment for severely salinized cotton fields, and the results of this study allowed us to determine the optimal winter irrigation rate for saline alkali cotton fields.

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“…There are a variety of factors that influence the characteristics of frozen-thawed soil. Firstly, the type of soil-which includes moisture content [6][7][8][9] and pore morphology [10,11]-is a critical factor of the soil characteristics. Zhai et al [12] found that, for consecutive freeze-thaw cycles, the proportion of micro-pores and mini-pores gradually decreased, while that of meso-pores and macropores increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larew et al [25] proposed a critical cyclic stress ratio, where the soft clay would not be damaged unless the cyclic stress exceeds the critical stress ratio value. Hui et al [6] worked on the redistribution of water and salt in soil under cyclical freeze-thaw. Zhang et al [26] investigated the variation of the microscopic pore structures of silty clay samples before and after freezing-thawing under cyclic loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Testing to Research the Micro-Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Frozen–Thawed Marine Soft Soil

Ding

Kong

Wei

et al. 2019

JMSE

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The use of artificial freezing can change the mechanical properties of marine clay. In the construction of cross passages in metro tunnels in which the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method is applied, freeze–thaw circulation and cyclic loading could weaken the engineering properties of the clay, thus resulting in differential settlement. In this paper, the authors studied the dynamic properties of frozen–thawed soils under cyclic loading, with the help of dynamic triaxial testing. According to the dynamic triaxial test results and the images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the authors explained the weakening effect of both the freeze–thaw cycle and dynamic loading on soft soil. After freezing, the number of large pores increased. In addition, after cyclic loading, the pore structure of the soil showed a tendency towards compaction, which led to the large pores breaking into small ones. Subsequently, the potential reasons for the change of macroscopic dynamic characteristics were explained from a micro-scale point of view.

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Cyclic freeze–thaw as a mechanism for water and salt migration in soil

Cited by 93 publications

References 18 publications

Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems

Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems

Winter Irrigation Effects on Soil Moisture, Temperature and Salinity, and on Cotton Growth in Salinized Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China

Laboratory Testing to Research the Micro-Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Frozen–Thawed Marine Soft Soil

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