Cycle Biodynamics of Women’s Microbiome in the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Abstract

The genitourinary microbiome plays a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of urinary and reproductive health in women throughout their lives. Particularly during the reproductive stage, resident microorganisms contribute to implantation and protect against perinatal complications, including preterm birth, stillbirth, and low birth weight, while also serving as the first line of defense against pathogens that can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections and bacterial vaginosis. This review aimed to elucidate the relationship between a healthy microbiome environment and women’s overall health. We examine the variability and dynamics of the microbiome during different developmental stages, ranging from the prepubertal to the postmenopausal stage. Furthermore, we explore the significance of a healthy microbiota in successful implantation and pregnancy development and investigate potential differences between women experiencing infertility. In addition, we analyze the local and systemic inflammatory responses associated with the establishment of a dysbiotic state and compare it to a condition where a healthy microbiome was established. Lastly, we present the most recent evidence regarding preventive measures, such as dietary interventions and the use of probiotics to promote and maintain a healthy microbiome, thereby ensuring comprehensive women’s health. By highlighting the importance of the genitourinary microbiome in reproductive health, this review aimed to enhance this microbiome’s visibility and significance in the field.

Correlation of procalcitonin and c-reactive protein levels with pathogen distribution and infection localization in urinary tract infections

“…The reason for this higher prevalence is because the female urethra is shorter and therefore the perineal and fecal flora can be transmitted over a shorter distance 16 . Therefore, urinary factors, urinary osmolality factors, sexual factors, intraoral factors, vaginal pH and secretory status are responsible for the higher prevalence of UTIs in women 17 , 18 . These observations underscored the need for multifaceted approaches in UTI management, focusing not solely on age or gender but embracing a holistic perspective.…”

The Role of Metabolomics and Microbiology in Urinary Tract Infection

“…Firstly, changes in the microbiome can lead to UTIs [ 22 , 120 ]. Normally, the microbiome in the urethra and bladder is relatively stable and helps to resist invasion by pathogenic microorganisms [ 121 ]. However, changes in the microbiome, such as antibiotic use [ 122 ] and decreased immune function [ 123 ], can lead to overgrowth of harmful microorganisms [ 124 ], thereby triggering UTIs.…”

Emerging role of the host microbiome in neuropsychiatric disorders: overview and future directions

“…Collectively, it is worth noting that the urinary microbiota may play a role in various urinary tract conditions, including urinary tract infections, intestinal cystitis, urinary incontinence, and kidney stones (Fig. 2 ) [ 160 , 161 ].…”