“…Another is saprophagous, with larvae feeding on withered branches, leaves, and animal feces, which is important for the material cycle in nature (Frew et al, 2016;Gunter et al, 2016). Larvae of the subfamily Rutelinae, which occur more seriously and are a prevalent underground phytophagous pest in agroforestry, include Anomala corpulenta, Adoretus tenuimaculatus, Popillia japonica, and Anomala esoleta (Adesanya et al, 2017;Fang et al, 2018;Qiao et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023). However, only less than 2% of the larvae of Adoretus tenuimaculatus, Pelidnota lugubris, Chrysophora chrysochlora, Anomala balzapambae, and Macraspis clavate have been described (Fang et al, 2018;Filippini et al, 2017;Medeiros et al, 2019;Pardo-Locarno and Morón, 2007).…”
Larvae of the beetle subfamily Rutelinae are poorly described in the literature. Notably, the morphology of the larvae of Callistethus plagiicollis Fairmaire has not previously been analyzed. Here, we report for the first time that these larvae feed on the tubers and roots of Gastrodia elata Blume, an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which causes a reduction in the yield and economic value of G. elata. We employed scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to investigate the morphology and occurrence regularity of egg, larvae, pupae, and adult specimens of C. plagiicollis collected from the G. elata planting base in Guizhou Province, China, with a focus on the ultrastructure of mature larvae. The results revealed one generation of C. plagiicollis per year in the study area and three instar stages of larvae. Mature larvae were identified by the following characteristics: raster without palidia with a large number of hamate setae, antennal apex containing seven sensilla basiconica, larval haptomerum containing eight sensilla styloconica and four enlarged heli, and seven longitudinally arranged stridulatory teeth on the stipes of the maxilla. The combination of scanning electron and light microscopy effectively revealed the difference between membranous and sclerotized structures, ensuring accurate identification of C. plagiicollis larvae. By determining the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, this study has implications for improved pest management in G. elata crops.Research Highlights
We identified C. plagiicollis as a new pest of G. elata, a traditional Chinese medicine
Scanning electron and light microscopy were combined to analyze the morphology of the mature larvae of C. plagiicollis for the first time
We determined the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, which can be used to develop effective pest management strategies
“…Another is saprophagous, with larvae feeding on withered branches, leaves, and animal feces, which is important for the material cycle in nature (Frew et al, 2016;Gunter et al, 2016). Larvae of the subfamily Rutelinae, which occur more seriously and are a prevalent underground phytophagous pest in agroforestry, include Anomala corpulenta, Adoretus tenuimaculatus, Popillia japonica, and Anomala esoleta (Adesanya et al, 2017;Fang et al, 2018;Qiao et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023). However, only less than 2% of the larvae of Adoretus tenuimaculatus, Pelidnota lugubris, Chrysophora chrysochlora, Anomala balzapambae, and Macraspis clavate have been described (Fang et al, 2018;Filippini et al, 2017;Medeiros et al, 2019;Pardo-Locarno and Morón, 2007).…”
Larvae of the beetle subfamily Rutelinae are poorly described in the literature. Notably, the morphology of the larvae of Callistethus plagiicollis Fairmaire has not previously been analyzed. Here, we report for the first time that these larvae feed on the tubers and roots of Gastrodia elata Blume, an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which causes a reduction in the yield and economic value of G. elata. We employed scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to investigate the morphology and occurrence regularity of egg, larvae, pupae, and adult specimens of C. plagiicollis collected from the G. elata planting base in Guizhou Province, China, with a focus on the ultrastructure of mature larvae. The results revealed one generation of C. plagiicollis per year in the study area and three instar stages of larvae. Mature larvae were identified by the following characteristics: raster without palidia with a large number of hamate setae, antennal apex containing seven sensilla basiconica, larval haptomerum containing eight sensilla styloconica and four enlarged heli, and seven longitudinally arranged stridulatory teeth on the stipes of the maxilla. The combination of scanning electron and light microscopy effectively revealed the difference between membranous and sclerotized structures, ensuring accurate identification of C. plagiicollis larvae. By determining the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, this study has implications for improved pest management in G. elata crops.Research Highlights
We identified C. plagiicollis as a new pest of G. elata, a traditional Chinese medicine
Scanning electron and light microscopy were combined to analyze the morphology of the mature larvae of C. plagiicollis for the first time
We determined the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, which can be used to develop effective pest management strategies
“…and white grubs (Melolontha spp.) was observed for cyantraniliprole-treated seed [36]. As a seed treatment, both imidacloprid and cyantraniliprole have a use rate of 0.075 mg ai/seed, which is dramatically lower compared to the amount of active ingredient needed for broadcast spraying of fields.…”
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important oilseed crops grown in North America and a key contributor to the global protein supply. Insect feeding by a major soybean pest, the bean leaf beetle (BLB; Cerotoma trifurcata), can result in economic yield loss if not controlled. The objective of this research was to use unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image analysis to compare the agronomic and efficacy traits of two soybean insecticide seed treatments (IST) in locations with BLB feeding. Across the 2018–2023 field trial locations, 29 had low BLB feeding pressure (less than 25% feeding damage to no IST plots) and 31 had high BLB feeding pressure (greater than 25% feeding damage to no IST plots). In low BLB pressure locations, cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid seed treatments had significantly higher BLB efficacy, significantly higher UAV greenness, and significantly higher final yield as compared to no IST. In high BLB pressure locations, cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid seed treatments were significantly better compared to no IST for BLB efficacy, UAV emergence, UAV vigor, UAV greenness, and final yield. In high BLB pressure locations, cyantraniliprole had significantly higher BLB efficacy, significantly better UAV emergence, and significantly higher yield compared to imidacloprid. The cyantraniliprole treatment had a +254.5 kg/ha increase compared to no IST in low BLB pressure locations and a +213.7 kg/ha increase in high BLB pressure locations. The imidacloprid treatment had a +163.4 kg/ha yield increase compared to no IST in low BLB pressure locations and a +121.4 kg/ha yield increase in high BLB pressure locations. The use of UAV image analysis enabled quantification of the effect of BLB feeding on early-season agronomic traits and, when combined with efficacy and final yield data, successfully differentiated the performance of two soybean ISTs in environments with low or high insect pressure.
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