Cyanophycin

Oppermann‐Sanio, Fred Bernd; Steinbüchel, Alexander

doi:10.1002/3527600035.bpol7004

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…These complexes are readily formed by the usual procedure and they also adopt the layered biphasic structure typical of comb‐like polypeptides, which is schematically depicted in Scheme . The exceptional interest for these complexes relies on the use of poly( γ ‐glutamic acid), a polypeptide that is produced at the industrial scale by biotechnology and which is well proved to be biodegradable and biocompatible 9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comb‐Like Ionic Complexes of Cationic Surfactants with Bacterial Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) of Racemic Composition

García-Alvarez¹,

Álvarez²,

Alla³

et al. 2005

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Comb-like ionic complexes, nATMA . PG(DL)GA, were prepared from microbial poly(gamma-glutamic acid), with a nearly racemic configuration, and alkyltrimethylammoniun bromides, with linear alkyl chains containing an even number of carbon atoms, n, ranging from 12 to 22. The complexes had a nearly stoichiometric composition, displayed thermal stability up to temperatures above 200 degrees C and were insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. In the solid state, they were arranged in a regularly layered structure with the alkyl side chain crystallized for n > or = 18. Heating above melting entailed a contraction in the interlayer distance which varied from 1 to 10% depending on the value of n. Comparison with data reported on similar complexes obtained from nearly enantiomerically pure poly(gamma-glutamic acid) revealed an overall behavior very similar for the two series but with specific significant differences concerning side chain crystallinity and dimensional response to temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comb‐Like Ionic Complexes of Cationic Surfactants with Bacterial Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) of Racemic Composition

García-Alvarez¹,

Álvarez²,

Alla³

et al. 2005

Macromolecular Bioscience

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“…The branched polymer consists of a poly(aspartic acid) backbone with arginine moieties linked to the ␤-carboxyl group of each aspartic acid by its ␣-amino group (34,42) and accumulates during the transition from the exponential to the stationary growth phase (23,40) and under limiting conditions, including low temperature, low light intensity, and phosphorus or sulfur limitation (44). CGP functions as a temporary nitrogen, energy, and possibly also carbon reserve (10,21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Biotechnological Process for Production of β-Dipeptides from Cyanophycin on a Technical Scale and Its Optimization

Sallam

Alene

Przybilla

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A triphasic process was developed for the production of ␤ dipeptides from cyanophycin (CGP) on a large scale. Phase I comprises an optimized acid extraction method for technical isolation of CGP from biomass. It yielded highly purified CGP consisting of aspartate, arginine, and a little lysine. Phase II comprises the fermentative production of an extracellular CGPase (CphE al ) from Pseudomonas alcaligenes strain DIP1 on a 500-liter scale in mineral salts medium, with citrate as the sole carbon source and CGP as an inductor. During optimization, it was shown that 2 g liter ؊1 citrate, pH 6.5, and 37°C are ideal parameters for CphE al production. Maximum enzyme yields were obtained after induction in the presence of 50 mg liter ؊1 CGP or CGP dipeptides for 5 or 3 h, respectively. Aspartate at a concentration of 4 g liter ؊1 induced CphE al production with only about 30% efficiency in comparison to that with CGP. CphE al was purified utilizing its affinity for the substrate and its specific binding to CGP. CphE al turned out to be a serine protease with maximum activity at 50°C and at pH 7 to 8.5. Phase III comprises degradation of CGP to ␤-aspartate-arginine and ␤-aspartate-lysine dipeptides with a purity of over 99% (by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography), employing a crude CphE al preparation. Optimum degradation parameters were 100 g liter ؊1 CGP, 10 g liter ؊1 crude CphE al powder, and 4 h of incubation at 50°C. The overall efficiency of phase III was 91%, while 78% (wt/wt) of the used CphE al powder with sustained activity toward CGP was recovered. The optimized process was performed with industrial materials and equipment and is applicable to any desired scale.Cyanophycin granule polypeptide (CGP), or multi-L-arginylpoly(L-aspartic acid), was discovered in cyanobacteria about 130 years ago (6). The branched polymer consists of a poly(aspartic acid) backbone with arginine moieties linked to the ␤-carboxyl group of each aspartic acid by its ␣-amino group (34, 42) and accumulates during the transition from the exponential to the stationary growth phase (23, 40) and under limiting conditions, including low temperature, low light intensity, and phosphorus or sulfur limitation (44). CGP functions as a temporary nitrogen, energy, and possibly also carbon reserve (10, 21). Because CGP contains five nitrogen atoms in every building block, it is an ideal intracellular nitrogen reserve (43). Most genera of cyanobacteria (5,22,23,43,48) and some heterotrophic bacteria (12, 16, 51) harbor a cyanophycin synthetase gene (cphA) and synthesize CGP. The polymer is insoluble at neutral pH as well as at physiological ionic strength (4). In cyanobacteria, CGP has a molecular mass of 25 to 100 kDa (41), while in recombinant strains it exhibits a molecular mass of 25 to 30 kDa and a lower polydispersity and contains lysine, which partially replaces arginine (2, 50).CGP degradation (intra-or extracellularly) leads mainly to the release of dipeptides. Intracellular degradation of CGP is catalyzed b...

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“…The branched polymer ( Fig. 1) consists of equimolar amounts of arginine and aspartic acid arranged as a poly(aspartic acid) backbone, with arginine moieties linked to the ␤-carboxyl group of each aspartic acid by its ␣-amino group (34,44). CGP can be converted to poly(aspartic acid).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anaerobic and Aerobic Degradation of Cyanophycin by the Denitrifying Bacterium Pseudomonas alcaligenes Strain DIP1 and Role of Three Other Coisolates in a Mixed Bacterial Consortium

Sallam

Steinbüchel

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Four bacterial strains were isolated from a cyanophycin granule polypeptide (CGP)-degrading anaerobic consortium, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and assigned to species of the genera Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus. The consortium member responsible for CGP degradation was assigned as Pseudomonas alcaligenes strain DIP1. The growth of and CGP degradation by strain DIP1 under anaerobic conditions were enhanced but not dependent on the presence of nitrate as an electron acceptor. CGP was hydrolyzed to its constituting ␤-Asp-Arg dipeptides, which were then completely utilized within 25 and 4 days under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The end products of CGP degradation by strain DIP1 were alanine, succinate, and ornithine as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The facultative anaerobic Enterococcus casseliflavus strain ELS3 and the strictly anaerobic Clostridium sulfidogenes strain SGB2 were coisolates and utilized the ␤-linked isodipeptides from the common pool available to the mixed consortium, while the fourth isolate, Paenibacillus odorifer strain PNF4, did not play a direct role in the biodegradation of CGP. Several syntrophic interactions affecting CGP degradation, such as substrate utilization, the reduction of electron acceptors, and aeration, were elucidated. This study demonstrates the first investigation of CGP degradation under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions by one bacterial strain, with regard to the physiological role of other bacteria in a mixed consortium.

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Cyanophycin

Abstract: Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure Chemical Analysis and Detection Solubility Properties of CGP and Isolation Molecular Weight and Structure of CGP Quantification of CGP Variations in Composition and CGP‐like Polymers … Show more

Cited by 15 publications

References 67 publications

Comb‐Like Ionic Complexes of Cationic Surfactants with Bacterial Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) of Racemic Composition

Comb‐Like Ionic Complexes of Cationic Surfactants with Bacterial Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) of Racemic Composition

Biotechnological Process for Production of β-Dipeptides from Cyanophycin on a Technical Scale and Its Optimization

Anaerobic and Aerobic Degradation of Cyanophycin by the Denitrifying Bacterium Pseudomonas alcaligenes Strain DIP1 and Role of Three Other Coisolates in a Mixed Bacterial Consortium

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