Cyanogenesis, herbivory and plant defense in<i>Turnera ulmifolia</i>on Jamaica

Schappert, Phillip J.; Shore, Joel S.

doi:10.1080/11956860.1999.11682560

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although we assume that maintaining a sufficiently high level of investment into a defensive strategy limits herbivory at least partially if not entirely, every defensive strategy can be circumvented to a degree (e.g., Schappert and Shore 1999). For tannins, insects such as gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) have a high midgut pH plus surfactants, which together limit the ability of tannins to bind to protein Lechowicz 1986, De Veau andSchultz 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The resource economics of chemical and structural defenses across nitrogen supply gradients

et al. 2003

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In order to better understand the role of nutrient supplies in determining the prevalence of plant defense types, we investigated the theoretical relationships between ecosystem N supply and the net C gain of shoots that were undefended or defended in one of three ways: (1) by N-free chemical compounds, (2) by N-containing chemical compounds, or (3) by structural defenses. By extending economic models of shoot resource balance to include the relative value of C and N, depreciation, and amortization, we were able to show that the relative net C gain of the three defense types were similar to changes in their generally understood abundance along an N supply gradient. At low N supply, the additional C acquired when investing C in defense is much higher than investing N in defenses. Only at high N supply is it better to invest large quantities of N in defense rather than additional photosynthesis. In a sensitivity analysis, net C gain of shoots was most sensitive to factors that affect the relative value of C and N and the rate of herbivory. Although there is support for the relative value of C and N influencing defense strategies, more research is necessary to understand why tannins are not more prevalent at high N supply and why moderate amounts of N-based defenses are not used at low N supply.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The resource economics of chemical and structural defenses across nitrogen supply gradients

et al. 2003

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“…Besides alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides belong to the most widely distributed nitrogen-containing compounds in higher plants including many legume species (Møller and Seigler 1999). Cyanogenesis is known to mainly repel leaf-chewing herbivores (Jones 1998) and appears to be an effective defense against generalist rather than specialist herbivores (Schappert and Shore 1999). However, more recent studies on cyanogenic lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) showed detrimental effects of cyanogenic glycosides on performance and food choice also of specialist insect herbivores, both in laboratory (Ballhorn et al 2007(Ballhorn et al , 2008(Ballhorn et al , 2010a and field studies (Ballhorn et al 2009a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dual benefit from a belowground symbiosis: nitrogen fixing rhizobia promote growth and defense against a specialist herbivore in a cyanogenic plant

et al. 2010

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Legume-associated nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a key role for plant performance and productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although this plant-microbe mutualism has been known for decades, studies on effects of rhizobia colonisation on legume-herbivore interactions are scarce. We hypothesized that additional nitrogen provided by rhizobia may increase plant resistance by nitrogen-based defense mechanisms. We studied this below-aboveground interaction using a system consisting of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), rhizobia, and the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Muls.) as an insect herbivore. We showed that the rhizobial symbiosis not only promotes plant growth but also improves plant defense and resistance against herbivores. Results of our study lead to the suggestion that nitrogen provided by rhizobia is allocated to the production of nitrogen-containing cyanogenic defense compounds, and thereby crucially determines the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions. Our study supports the view that the fitness benefit of root symbioses includes defence mechanisms and thus extends beyond the promotion of plant growth. Since the associations between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, improved knowledge on rhizobia-mediated effects on plant traits-and the resulting effects on higher trophic levels-is important for better understanding of the role of these microbes for ecosystem functioning.

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“…Dhr1 accumulates in the mesocotyl and in root tips, while dhr2 accumulates in leaves (Thayer and Conn 1981; Hösel et al 1987; Cicek and Esen 1998). It is speculated that HCN release following tissue damage by chewing deters insect herbivory of sorghum (Jones 1962; Hughes 1991; Schappert and Shore, 1999, 2000; Gleadow and Woodrow 2002). Thus far, a single acyanogenic sorghum mutant, deficient in dhurrin biosynthesis due to loss of function of CYP79A1, has been described (Blomstedt et al 2012) but many more genes are known to be involved in dhurrin biosynthesis and catabolism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Forward Genetics by Genome Sequencing Reveals That Rapid Cyanide Release Deters Insect Herbivory of Sorghum bicolor

Krothapalli

Buescher

et al. 2013

Genetics

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Whole genome sequencing has allowed rapid progress in the application of forward genetics in model species. In this study, we demonstrated an application of next-generation sequencing for forward genetics in a complex crop genome. We sequenced an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant of Sorghum bicolor defective in hydrogen cyanide release and identified the causal mutation. A workflow identified the causal polymorphism relative to the reference BTx623 genome by integrating data from single nucleotide polymorphism identification, prior information about candidate gene(s) implicated in cyanogenesis, mutation spectra, and polymorphisms likely to affect phenotypic changes. A point mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of dhurrinase2, which encodes a protein involved in the dhurrin catabolic pathway, was responsible for the acyanogenic phenotype. Cyanogenic glucosides are not cyanogenic compounds but their cyanohydrins derivatives do release cyanide. The mutant accumulated the glucoside, dhurrin, but failed to efficiently release cyanide upon tissue disruption. Thus, we tested the effects of cyanide release on insect herbivory in a genetic background in which accumulation of cyanogenic glucoside is unchanged. Insect preference choice experiments and herbivory measurements demonstrate a deterrent effect of cyanide release capacity, even in the presence of wild-type levels of cyanogenic glucoside accumulation. Our gene cloning method substantiates the value of (1) a sequenced genome, (2) a strongly penetrant and easily measurable phenotype, and (3) a workflow to pinpoint a causal mutation in crop genomes and accelerate in the discovery of gene function in the postgenomic era.

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Cyanogenesis, herbivory and plant defense inTurnera ulmifoliaon Jamaica

Cited by 29 publications

References 26 publications

The resource economics of chemical and structural defenses across nitrogen supply gradients

The resource economics of chemical and structural defenses across nitrogen supply gradients

Dual benefit from a belowground symbiosis: nitrogen fixing rhizobia promote growth and defense against a specialist herbivore in a cyanogenic plant

Forward Genetics by Genome Sequencing Reveals That Rapid Cyanide Release Deters Insect Herbivory of Sorghum bicolor

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