“…The algal biotoxins of greatest concern include the microcystin group, cylindrospermopsin, and anatoxin-a, each of which exhibits different toxicity mechanisms (e.g., neurotoxicity, protein phosphatase inhibition) . Ingestion or skin contact with drinking water containing sufficiently high levels of these biotoxins can result in acute reactions, such as the poisoning of neural systems and the liver, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and pneumonia. , Further, long-term exposure to low levels of microcystins and cylindrospermopsin may result in chronic liver injury and promote tumor growth . Several cyanotoxins are regulated in drinking water in some countries and states (e.g., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and four U.S. states: Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont) and there is an increased likelihood of expanded monitoring of public water systems in the U.S. in the near future .…”