Cyanobacteria‐Toxins in Drinking Water

Falconer, Ian R.

doi:10.1002/0471263397.env025

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The algal biotoxins of greatest concern include the microcystin group, cylindrospermopsin, and anatoxin-a, each of which exhibits different toxicity mechanisms (e.g., neurotoxicity, protein phosphatase inhibition) . Ingestion or skin contact with drinking water containing sufficiently high levels of these biotoxins can result in acute reactions, such as the poisoning of neural systems and the liver, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and pneumonia. , Further, long-term exposure to low levels of microcystins and cylindrospermopsin may result in chronic liver injury and promote tumor growth . Several cyanotoxins are regulated in drinking water in some countries and states (e.g., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and four U.S. states: Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont) and there is an increased likelihood of expanded monitoring of public water systems in the U.S. in the near future .…”

Section: Exposome: Cause Of a Majority Of Human Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control

Dai

Prussin

Marr

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The "exposome" is a term describing the summation of one's lifetime exposure to microbes and chemicals. Such exposures are now recognized as major drivers of human health and disease. Because humans spend ∼90% of their time indoors, the built environment exposome merits particular attention. Herein we utilize an engineering perspective to advance understanding of the factors that shape the built environment exposome and its influence on human wellness and disease, while simultaneously informing development of a framework for intentionally controlling the exposome to protect public health. Historically, engineers have been focused on controlling chemical and physical contaminants and on eradicating microbes; however, there is a growing awareness of the role of "beneficial" microbes. Here we consider the potential to selectively control the materials and chemistry of the built environment to positively influence the microbial and chemical components of the indoor exposome. Finally, we discuss research gaps that must be addressed to enable intentional engineering design, including the need to define a "healthy" built environment exposome and how to control it.

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Section: Exposome: Cause Of a Majority Of Human Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control

Dai

Prussin

Marr

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Production of microcystins (MCs) has been reported in several genera of freshwater cyanobacteria including Microcystis, Nostoc, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, and Planktothrix [15], while nodularin (NODLN) was characterized only in Nodularia spumigena [16]. The modes of action of both microcystins and nodularins are based on the inhibition of serine-threonine protein phosphatases type 1 and type 2A (PP1 and PP2A) in eukaryotic cells, resulting in the disruption of the cytoskeletal structures in liver cells, loss of shape, and their subsequent destruction, causing intrahepatic hemorrhage [17][18][19]. Oxidative stress is also increased due to MC activity, which can potentially trigger apoptotic processes in the affected cells [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotests in Cyanobacterial Toxicity Assessment—Efficient Enough or Not?

Davidović

Blagojević

Meriluoto

et al. 2023

Biology

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Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of organisms known for producing highly potent cyanotoxins that pose a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. These toxins have varying chemical structures and toxicity mechanisms and several toxin classes can be present simultaneously, making it difficult to assess their toxic effects using physico-chemical methods, even when the producing organism and its abundance are identified. To address these challenges, alternative organisms among aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates are being explored as more assays evolve and diverge from the initially established and routinely used mouse bioassay. However, detecting cyanotoxins in complex environmental samples and characterizing their toxic modes of action remain major challenges. This review provides a systematic overview of the use of some of these alternative models and their responses to harmful cyanobacterial metabolites. It also assesses the general usefulness, sensitivity, and efficiency of these models in investigating the mechanisms of cyanotoxicity expressed at different levels of biological organization. From the reported findings, it is clear that cyanotoxin testing requires a multi-level approach. While studying changes at the whole-organism level is essential, as the complexities of whole organisms are still beyond the reach of in vitro methodologies, understanding cyanotoxicity at the molecular and biochemical levels is necessary for meaningful toxicity evaluations. Further research is needed to refine and optimize bioassays for cyanotoxicity testing, which includes developing standardized protocols and identifying novel model organisms for improved understanding of the mechanisms with fewer ethical concerns. In vitro models and computational modeling can complement vertebrate bioassays and reduce animal use, leading to better risk assessment and characterization of cyanotoxins.

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Ion exchange and vacuum UV: A combined approach for removing organic matter and microcystins from natural waters

Dixit

Chintalapati

Barbeau

et al. 2021

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Cyanobacteria‐Toxins in Drinking Water

Abstract: The Cyanobacteria Toxic Species and Genera Cyanobacterial Toxins Toxic Water Blooms and Control Measures Safety, Health, and Guideline Values Water Treatment

Cited by 4 publications

References 97 publications

Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control

Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control

Biotests in Cyanobacterial Toxicity Assessment—Efficient Enough or Not?

Ion exchange and vacuum UV: A combined approach for removing organic matter and microcystins from natural waters

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