Cyano Compounds, Inorganic

Gail, Ernst; Gos, Stephen; Kulzer, Rupprecht; Lorösch, Jürgen; Rubo, Andreas; Sauer, Manfred; Kellens, Raf; Reddy, Jay; Steier, Norbert; Hasenpusch, W.

doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_159.pub3

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Scheele im Jahr 1782 steht die Chemie des HCN im Blick der organischen, anorganischen und industriellen Chemie. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Scheele erzeugte HCN durch Erhitzen von Berliner Blau mit Schwefelsäure. [10,11] Moderne industrielle Prozesse basieren auf Methan und Ammoniak, die entweder mit oder ohne Sauerstoff an einem Pt-Kontakt (BMA, Andrussow-Verfahren) umgesetzt werden.…”

Section: Seit Der Entdeckung Von Cyanwasserstoff (Hcn) Durchunclassified

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻

et al. 2020

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Obwohl reiner Cyanwasserstoff spontan polymerisieren oder sogar explodieren kann, was durch geringe Mengen an Basen (z. B. CN−) ausgelöst wird, wurde die Reaktion von flüssigem HCN mit [WCC]CN (WCC=schwach koordinierendes Kation=Ph4P, Ph3PNPPh3=PNP) untersucht. Abhängig vom Kation konnten aus flüssigem HCN Salze, welche die formalen Dihydrogentricyanid‐ [CN(HCN)2]− und Trihydrogentetracyanid‐Ionen [CN(HCN)3]− enthalten, isoliert werden, wenn die Kristallisation schnell und bei niedrigen Temperaturen durchgeführt wurde. Die Röntgenstrukturaufklärung ergab wasserstoffverbrückte lineare [CN(HCN)2]− und Y‐förmige [CN(HCN)3]− Molekülionen im Kristall. Beide Anionen können als Vertreter hochlabiler Cyanid‐HCN‐Solvate vom Typ [CN(HCN)n]− (n=1, 2, 3…) sowie als formale Polypseudohalogenidionen betrachtet werden.

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Section: Seit Der Entdeckung Von Cyanwasserstoff (Hcn) Durchunclassified

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻

et al. 2020

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“…The first step is the production of hydrogen cyanide out of ammonia and methane. This is realized via the Andrussow process or the Degussa process [37,38]. In a second step, acetone is brought in contact with the hydrogen cyanide with the aim of producing acetone cyanohydrin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Reaction Mechanisms and Reactor Technologies for Thermochemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate)

et al. 2020

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Chemical or feedstock recycling of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by thermal degradation is an important societal challenge to enable polymer circularity. The annual PMMA world production capacity is over 2.4 × 106 tons, but currently only 3.0 × 104 tons are collected and recycled in Europe each year. Despite the rather simple chemical structure of MMA, a debate still exists on the possible PMMA degradation mechanisms and only basic batch and continuous reactor technologies have been developed, without significant knowledge of the decomposition chemistry or the multiphase nature of the reaction mixture. It is demonstrated in this review that it is essential to link PMMA thermochemical recycling with the PMMA synthesis as certain structural defects from the synthesis step are affecting the nature and relevance of the subsequent degradation reaction mechanisms. Here, random fission plays a key role, specifically for PMMA made by anionic polymerization. It is further highlighted that kinetic modeling tools are useful to further unravel the dominant PMMA degradation mechanisms. A novel distinction is made between global conversion or average chain length models, on the one hand, and elementary reaction step-based models on the other hand. It is put forward that only by the dedicated development of the latter models, the temporal evolution of degradation product spectra under specific chemical recycling conditions will become possible, making reactor design no longer an art but a science.

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“…Novel process designs, process intensification, as well as retrofitting of existing processes must do their part to achieve this goal (Freund and Sundmacher, 2000;Zhang et al, 2013). The supply of such essential chemical building blocks like synthesis gas and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is nowadays ensured by high temperature catalytic gas-phase processes such as steam methane reforming and the production of hydrogen cyanide in the HCN-methane-ammonia (BMA) route (Gail et al, 2000;Reimert et al, 2000). These processes are similar to tube bundle heat exchangers, since the heterogeneously-catalyzed endothermic synthesis reaction occurs inside tubes that are placed in a furnace where short-chain hydrocarbons are burned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Tube Bundle Arrangements in Side-Fired Methane Steam Reforming Furnaces

et al. 2020

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Steam methane reforming processes represent the economically most competitive processes for the production of synthesis gas and hydrogen despite their high energy costs. Although there is a strong need for highly resource-efficient production, literature on the optimal design of reformers remains scarce due to the inherently high complexity of these processes. This contribution addresses design aspects of reformers for the case study of a side-fired reformer. Based on a two-dimensional furnace representation heat transfer and the optimal tube bundle arrangement for a fixed furnace chamber are investigated using simulation-based parametric study with both a lean radiation-based model and a computational fluid dynamics model that enables the consideration of fuel efficiency. Radiative heat transfer prevails in the reformer on the furnace side and inter-tube distances of at least three diameters are optimal within the investigated design space. The line arrangement of reformer tubes is beneficial in terms of total heat transferred, fuel efficiency as well as the homogeneity of the tube surface temperatures. These findings pave the way for further studies such as three-dimensional design aspects.

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Cyano Compounds, Inorganic

Cited by 36 publications

References 118 publications

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻

Progress in Reaction Mechanisms and Reactor Technologies for Thermochemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Optimal Tube Bundle Arrangements in Side-Fired Methane Steam Reforming Furnaces

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Cyano Compounds, Inorganic

Cited by 36 publications

References 118 publications

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)2]− und [CN(HCN)3]−

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)2]− und [CN(HCN)3]−

Progress in Reaction Mechanisms and Reactor Technologies for Thermochemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Optimal Tube Bundle Arrangements in Side-Fired Methane Steam Reforming Furnaces

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Product

Resources

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Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻

Salze von HCN‐Cyanid‐Aggregaten: [CN(HCN)₂]⁻ und [CN(HCN)₃]⁻