Cyanate Ester Polymerization: Overview of Mechanistic and Kinetic Aspects

Abstract

This article reviews both time-honored and most recent studies of the mechanisms and kinetics of cyanate esters polymerization. Different types of processes, including catalytic, non-catalytic, bulk, solution, and nanoconfined ones are covered. The mechanistic and empirical models suitable for describing the kinetic and diffusion regimes of polymerization are discussed at length. Recent advances in methodology of the analysis of multistep polymerization reactions by means of model-fitting and isoconversional techniques are considered as applied to cyanate esters. The importance of the calorimetric measurements in polymerization studies is emphasized.

Amine-Containing Phthalonitrile Catalyst for Cyanate Esters with High Catalytic Activity and Low Side Effects

“…After adding PN-NH 2 , the formation of isourea is the key intermediate during the curing reaction, which can be immediately reacted by a cyanate ester and an amine at ambient temperature and accelerate the trimerization of BECE (Figure S3). The discussed mechanisms have been proved by other relevant research 21,22,32,33 as well.…”

Kinetics and Mechanism of Liquid-State Polymerization of 2,4-Hexadiyne-1,6-diyl bis-(p-toluenesulfonate) as Studied by Thermal Analysis

“…The presence of the la er one is detected by 1 H NMR spectroscopy in the initial monomer sample (Figure S1). Such catalysis is not uncommon, for example, in the cyanate esters polymerization that is known to be catalyzed by residual phenols or traces of water [32]. Thus, a linear g(α) on α plot corresponds to a zero reaction-order dependence on (1 − α) [31].…”

Polymers as Aerospace Structural Components: How to Reach Sustainability?

“…[ 67 ] These incredibly reactive cyanate esters can be homopolymerized through heat to produce cyanurate linkages ( Figure ). [ 68 ] This system requires elaborate transition metal catalysts that are dissolved in monomers. [ 69 ] However, due to high reactivity, all cyanate ester resins are transported in frozen form which is a great disadvantage on a large scale.…”