CXXXII.—The chlorination of anilides. Part III. N-chlorination and C-chlorination as simultaneous side reactions

No-Carrier-Added Radiohalogenation Methods with Heavy Halogens

“…In the case of amino acids, oxidation leads to aldehydes and cyano compounds [259]. The reaction starts with the transfer of chlorine to the amino group which then leads to decomposition or electrophilic chlorination of the aromatic nucleus (Orton rearrangement) [260], The latter reaction can also be involved in the radiohalogenation reactions [249]. Oxidizable groups as in cysteine, methionine and tryptophan cause consumption of the oxidizing agent and substrate, and lead to loss of biological activity.…”

The chlorination and chlorine resistance modification of composite polyamide membrane

“…In general, the poor chlorine resistance of PA membranes is due to the sensitivity of amide nitrogen to free chlorine . Orton and Kwon et al investigated the mechanism of chlorination, but more researchers focused on the influence of chlorination on membrane performance . In this study, when membranes were exposed to varying concentrations of hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide solutions, some new performances were observed, which provide some suggestions for applications of membranes.…”

“…In addition, in the previous research, the chlorination of PA was achieved in two steps: the reversible N‐chlorination and the subsequent irreversible ring‐chlorination via Orton Rearrangement. Therefore, to investigate the irreversible condition under different chlorination concentrations, the reversible regeneration processes were adopted.…”

“…Extensive research efforts have been devoted to understand and investigate the poor chlorine tolerance of PA membranes. In general, the poor chlorine resistance of PA membranes is due to the sensitivity of amide nitrogen to free chlorine . Orton and Kwon et al investigated the mechanism of chlorination, but more researchers focused on the influence of chlorination on membrane performance .…”

N‐Halamines

“…As with ammonia halamines, organo N-halamines disproportionate to N,N-dihalamines. N-Halamines can rearrange under the influence of heat, catalysts, or light; eg, N-chloroaniline rearranges to ring chlorinated anilines (72). N-Halamines are versatile reagents that react with a variety of substrates via radical and polar pathways.…”