CVR assessment in UK residential LV networks considering customer types

On the Inadequacy of the CVR Factor for Active Schemes

“…This period, however, happens to be the least responsive, as shown in Fig. 4 (the reverse situation could occur with more electrical heating [10]). Thus, ∆ is significantly larger at early hours but without bringing proportional percentage power reductions, resulting in a smaller .…”

OPF-Based CVR Operation in PV-Rich MV–LV Distribution Networks

“…As in [34], the well-known ZIP model is adopted for each aggregated load (in this case, for each customer ) and time as shown in (2), where and 0 represent its active power for a given voltage magnitude and for the nominal voltage magnitude 0 , respectively. This time-varying ZIP load model consists of constant impedance ̂ , constant current ̂ , and constant power ̂ parameters.…”

“…Moreover, as the load model represents an aggregation of different loads within the customer premises (e.g., appliances), its ZIP parameters shall be obtained as a weighted sum, as detailed by the authors in [34]. The other most common steady-state model is the exponential, shown in (3) [33].…”

“…The other most common steady-state model is the exponential, shown in (3) [33]. While the ZIP representation is adopted for simulations due to its higher parameter reliability [35], for simplicity, load models will be presented in the exponential form where is obtained using ( 4) [34].…”

“…This tool uses UK statistics to determine the status of domestic appliances in a day considering occupancy of the house, type of day and seasonality. Active and reactive profiles, as well as time-varying ZIP models, are then obtained per household by aggregating individual appliances at each minute, as in [34]. In this network, no major constant energy appliances are involved as all households are assumed to use gas for heating purposes.…”