CVLT-II Forced Choice Recognition Trial as an Embedded Validity Indicator: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Schwartz, Eben S.; Erdődi, László A.; Rodriguez, Nicholas; Ghosh, Jyotsna J.; Curtain, Joshua R.; Flashman, Laura A.; Roth, Robert M.

doi:10.1017/s1355617716000746

Cited by 88 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Veterans were included in the performance valid group (PVT-Pass) if they performed above cutoffs on all PVT indices. These measures have been widely used to detect poor performance validity in Veterans with TBI history (Flaherty, Spencer, Drag, Pangilinan, & Bieliauskas, 2015;Jak et al, 2015;Lippa, 2018, Whitney, Davis, Shepard, Bertram, & Adams, 2009Young et al, 2016) and have shown adequate sensitivity, specificity (false positive rates <10%), and positive predictive power (Denning, 2012(Denning, , 2014Fazio, Denning, & Denney, 2017;Haber & Fichtenberg, 2006;Kulas, Axelrod, & Rinaldi, 2014;Schwartz et al, 2016;Spencer et al, 2013;Tombaugh, 1997;Young, Sawyer, Roper, & Baughman, 2012). Furthermore, it has been recommended that failure of even one PVT should warrant consideration of performance invalidity, particularly for tests with adequate positive predictive power used in populations with relatively high base rates including individuals with remote history of mTBI (Denning, 2019;Inman & Berry, 2002;Iverson & Franzen, 1996;Lippa, 2018;Proto et al, 2014;Vickery et al, 2004).…”

Section: Performance Validity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

Jurick

Crocker

Merritt

et al. 2019

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objective:Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) history have high rates of performance validity test (PVT) failure. The study aimed to determine whether those with scores in the invalid versus valid range on PVTs show similar benefit from psychotherapy and if psychotherapy improves PVT performance.Method:Veterans (N = 100) with PTSD, mild-to-moderate TBI history, and cognitive complaints underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month post-treatment. Veterans were randomly assigned to cognitive processing therapy (CPT) or a novel hybrid intervention integrating CPT with TBI psychoeducation and cognitive rehabilitation strategies from Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART). Performance below standard cutoffs on any PVT trial across three different PVT measures was considered invalid (PVT-Fail), whereas performance above cutoffs on all measures was considered valid (PVT-Pass).Results:Although both PVT groups exhibited clinically significant improvement in PTSD symptoms, the PVT-Pass group demonstrated greater symptom reduction than the PVT-Fail group. Measures of post-concussive and depressive symptoms improved to a similar degree across groups. Treatment condition did not moderate these results. Rate of valid test performance increased from baseline to follow-up across conditions, with a stronger effect in the SMART-CPT compared to CPT condition.Conclusion:Both PVT groups experienced improved psychological symptoms following treatment. Veterans who failed PVTs at baseline demonstrated better test engagement following treatment, resulting in higher rates of valid PVTs at follow-up. Veterans with invalid PVTs should be enrolled in trauma-focused treatment and may benefit from neuropsychological assessment after, rather than before, treatment.

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Section: Performance Validity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

Jurick

Crocker

Merritt

et al. 2019

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…However, current guidelines for cognitive evaluation in MS do not include a recommendation for assessment of performance validity (Kalb et al, 2018), and recommended cognitive batteries for MS patients (e.g., MACFIMS, BICAMS) do not include standalone PVTs (Benedict et al, 2002;Langdon et al, 2012). Both of these batteries include an embedded PVT, the CVLT-II forced choice recognition trial (FCR; Delis et al, 2000); however, its utility in MS has not been examined, and a recent systematic review showed that CVLT-II FCR has shown poor sensitivity to nonvalid responding in the absence of severe cognitive impairment (Schwartz et al, 2016). Notably, our clinical battery also included the CVLT-II FCR, but was not included in this study because it was only administered to 54 of the patients who were administered the VSVT.…”

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confidence: 99%

Performance Validity Testing in Multiple Sclerosis

Galioto

Dhima

Berenholz

et al. 2020

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objective: Performance validity tests (PVTs) are designed to detect nonvalid responding on neuropsychological testing, but their associations with disease-specific and other factors are not well understood in multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined PVT performance among MS patients and associations with clinical characteristics, cognition, mood, and disability status. Method: Retrospective data analysis was conducted on a sample of patients with definite MS (n = 102) who were seen for a clinical neuropsychological evaluation. Comparison samples included patients with intractable epilepsy seen for presurgical workup (n = 102) and patients with nonacute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; n = 50). Patients completed the Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) and validity cutoffs were defined as <16/24 and <18/24 on the hard items. Results: In this MS cohort, 14.4% of patients scored <16 on the VSVT hard items and 21.2% scored <18. VSVT hard item scores were associated with disability status and depression, but not with neuropsychological scores, T2 lesion burden, atrophy, disease duration, or MS subtype. Patients applying for disability benefits were 6.75 times more likely to score <18 relative to those who were not seeking disability. Rates of nonvalid scores were similar to the mTBI group and greater than the epilepsy group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nonvalid VSVT scores are relatively common among MS patients seen for clinical neuropsychological evaluation. VSVT performance in this group relates primarily to disability status and psychological symptoms and does not reflect factors specific to MS (i.e., cognitive impairment, disease severity). Recommendations for future clinical and research practices are provided.

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“…As a result, their validity on the short form at least should continue to be interpreted with some caution. Second, the study did not collect information on participants' history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language disorders, or learning disabilities, all of which have shown associations with CVLT performance (e.g., Schwartz et al, 2016). To characterize how CVLT-II SF performance differs among different psychiatric disorders, future work is needed to examine these associations in diverse samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor Structure of the CVLT-II Short Form: Evidence From a Trauma-Exposed Sample

et al. 2018

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The current study sought to investigate the factor structure of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) Short Form in a trauma-exposed sample. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test four competing models proposed by Donders in a study investigating the CVLT-II Standard Form. Consistent with Donders, a four-factor model consisting of Attention Span, Learning Efficiency, Delayed Memory, and Inaccurate Memory was supported. These results confirm the latent structure of the CVLT-II holds for the CVLT-II in its Short Form as well as in a trauma-exposed sample. Findings are particularly important, given previous research indicating attention span and learning efficiency may underpin memory complaints in trauma-exposed individuals.

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CVLT-II Forced Choice Recognition Trial as an Embedded Validity Indicator: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Cited by 88 publications

References 47 publications

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

Performance Validity Testing in Multiple Sclerosis

Factor Structure of the CVLT-II Short Form: Evidence From a Trauma-Exposed Sample

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