Cutting forces in wood machining – Basics and applications in industrial processes. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture

Abstract

The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permits to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes (milling, sawing, peeling, etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimise cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size toolmachines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: (1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation (batch approach), and (2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control system for the machining processes (interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With a focus on potential industrial applications, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Although not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technological knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process.

Experimental Investigation on Rotary Peeling Parameters of High Density Coconut Wood

“…These parameters are well-established in wood veneer production and yield good structural and surface veneer qualities. These parameters also influence the cutting forces required and therefore the machining behavior (i.e., machinery loading, power usage, and wear and tear) as described by Marchal et al (2009). Several parameters were focused on in this work.…”

“…3 and 4). The measurements were recorded according to the methodology described by Butaud et al (1995) and Marchal et al (2009) in which Xc and Yc were measured on the knife, and Xb and Yb were measured on the pressure bar (Figs. 3 and 4).…”

“…Baldwin (1995) reported that most highdensity species benefit from hydrothermal treatment. This treatment improves deformability (Yamauchi et al 2005) and reduces the cutting forces required, limiting damage to the veneers (Lutz 1960;Marchal et al 2009;Dupleix et al 2012). In the traditional wood veneering industry, billet heating temperatures usually range from 50 to 80 °C.…”

Effect of Log Soaking and the Temperature of Peeling on the Properties of Rotary-Cut Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Veneer Bonded with Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive

“…Heating logs to a high temperature softens the wood (Marchal et al 2009;Dupleix et al 2013). Taking the wood polymers above their glass transition temperatures (Tg) (Salmen 1982) reduces the cutting forces and limits premature knife damage (Bailleres et al 2015).…”

Rational production of veneer by IR-heating of green wood during peeling: Modeling experiments

“…This kind of pretreatment also reduces the risk of lathe checking, ameliorates veneer surface quality, and lowers cutting forces and power consumption. Thermoforming of wood veneers was discussed by Srinivasan et al (2007) and the complex interrelation between cutting forces in wood machining was reviewed by Marchal et al (2009) . In the same context, the properties of wood surfaces and the fracture behavior of wood was summarized by Sinn et al (2009) and Stanzl -Tschegg and Navi (2009) , respectively.…”