Cutinsomes and cuticle enzymes GPAT6 and DGAT2 seem to travel together from a lipotubuloid metabolon (LM) to extracellular matrix of O. umbellatum ovary epidermis

Stępiński, Dariusz; Kwiatkowska, Maria; Popłońska, Katarzyna; Polit, Justyna Teresa; Wojtczak, Agnieszka; Domínguez, Ernesto Redondo; Heredia, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2016.04.002

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, the products of lipid hydrolysis (with the aid of phospholipase D and lipase) are transported from the lipid bodies via microtubules toward the cell wall, go through it and form the cuticle (Kwiatkowska et al , , , ). Furthermore, the cutinsomes formed in the cytoplasm (Kwiatkowska et al ), transport GPAT6 and DGAT2 enzymes to the cell wall (Stępiński et al ) and then they move with enzymes through the cell wall and become incorporated into the forming cuticle (Domínguez et al and current paper). On the basis of the presented scheme it is apparent that the plant cuticle is formed through two complementary mechanisms: via enzymatic pathway and via cutinsomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recently, it has been shown that cutinsomes can act as carriers of some proteins involved in the cuticle synthesis (Stępiński et al ). Thus, in O. umbellatum , immunocolocalization of the cutinsomes with glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyl‐CoA acyltransferase 6 (GPAT6) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase wax ester synthase (WS/DGAT), the enzymes involved in cutin and wax synthesis, was observed (Stępiński et al ). Hence, using S. lycopersicum , O. umbellatum and A. thaliana as experimental models, we suggest the following scenarios for the cuticle synthesis (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutinsomes as building‐blocks of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo cuticle

Stępiński

Kwiatkowska

Wojtczak

et al. 2017

Physiologia Plantarum

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Cutinsomes, spherical nanoparticles containing cutin mono- and oligomers, are engaged in cuticle formation. Earlier they were revealed to participate in cuticle biosynthesis in Solanum lycopersicum fruit and Ornithogalum umbellatum ovary epidermis. Here, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold labeling with antibody against the cutinsomes were applied to aerial cotyledon epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana mature embryos. TEM as well as gold particles conjugated with the cutinsome antibody revealed these structures in the cytoplasm, near the plasmalemma, in the cell wall and incorporated into the cuticle. Thus, the cutinsomes most probably are involved in the formation of A. thaliana embryo cuticle and this model plant is another species in which these specific structures participate in the building of cuticle in spite of the lack of the lipotubuloid metabolon. In addition, a mechanism of plant cuticle lipid biosynthesis based on current knowledge is proposed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutinsomes as building‐blocks of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo cuticle

Stępiński

Kwiatkowska

Wojtczak

et al. 2017

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…The putative involvement of lipid transfer proteins or even a vesicular transport has been suggested (Domínguez et al, 2015). Cutinsomes could act as delivery vehicles for the transport of proteins to the cuticle, as it has been suggested for GPAT6 and DGAT2 (Stępi nski et al, 2016); however, no colocalization between CUS1 and cutinsomes were observed. Thus, cutinsomes seem to be involved in the deposition of the procuticle, whereas CUS1 participates in cutin deposition during the period of early cell expansion.…”

Section: Early Stages Of Cuticle Development: the Procuticlementioning

confidence: 99%

Cutinsomes and CUTIN SYNTHASE1 Function Sequentially in Tomato Fruit Cutin Deposition

et al. 2020

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The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin. Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further cutin deposition. CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template. However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the cutinized and non-cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.

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“…These fatty acid precursors are transformed into cutin and wax monomers. Members of the ABCG (G subfamily of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette) transporters were reported to be involved in their transport to the outer surface [ 3 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Lipid transfer proteins (LTPG) were also reported to be involved in the export of cuticular components [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], but the mechanism underlying their roles in this process remains to be determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these lipids form lipid bodies between two leaflets of ER membrane [ 41 , 42 ]. These lipid bodies then separate from ER, grow as a result of lipid synthesis with the involvement of GPAT6 and DGAT2, and maturate in the cytoplasm [ 30 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Moreover, the lipids are hydrolyzed by phospholipase D and lipase located at the surface of these structures [ 42 , 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation

Stępiński

Kwiatkowska

Wojtczak

et al. 2020

Cells

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The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.

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Cutinsomes and cuticle enzymes GPAT6 and DGAT2 seem to travel together from a lipotubuloid metabolon (LM) to extracellular matrix of O. umbellatum ovary epidermis

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Cutinsomes as building‐blocks of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo cuticle

Cutinsomes as building‐blocks of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo cuticle

Cutinsomes and CUTIN SYNTHASE1 Function Sequentially in Tomato Fruit Cutin Deposition

The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation

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