Cutaneous Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives

Jelínek, J

doi:10.1001/archderm.1970.04000020051008

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…In animal experiments, oestrogen and oestrogen-progesterone combinations stimulate melanogenesis and cause an increase in both intracellular and extracellular melanin content (Snell and Bischitz, 1960). This is thought to be the underlying reason for the hyperpigmentation associated with OC use (Jelinek, 1970). Hyperpigmentation is most commonly caused by sun exposure which is a strong risk factor for melanoma, particularly with exposures during childhood or early adulthood that result in burns or blisters (Weinstock et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oestrogens, either alone or in combination with progesterone, increase the number of melanocytes and their melanin content (Snell and Bischitz, 1960) and can cause hyperpigmentation of the skin (Jelinek, 1970) and thus have been implicated as another possible risk factor in the development of melanoma. Among women, incidence rates rise steeply until about age 50, after which the rate of increase slows (Armstrong and English, 1996), further suggesting a role for oestrogen.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women

et al. 1999

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Summary Melanoma has been increasing in white populations. Incidence rates rise steeply in women until about age 50, suggesting oestrogen as a possible risk factor. Oestrogens can increase melanocyte count and melanin content and cause hyperpigmentation of the skin. We examined prospectively the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and diagnoses of superficial spreading and nodular melanoma among 183 693 premenopausal white women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) cohorts. One hundred and forty six cases were confirmed in NHS during follow-up from 1976 to 1994, and 106 cases were confirmed in NHS II from 1989 to 1995. Skin reaction to sun exposure, sunburn history, mole counts, hair colour, family history of melanoma, parity, height and body mass index were also assessed and included in logistic regression models. A significant twofold increase in risk of melanoma (relative risk (RR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.4) was observed among current OC users compared to never users. Risk was further increased among current users with 10 or more years of use (RR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-7.0). Risk did not appear elevated among past OC users, even among those with longer durations of use, and risk did not decline linearly with time since last use. In conclusion, risk of premenopausal melanoma may be increased among women who are current OC users, particularly among those with longer durations of use. Further research is needed to determine whether low-dose oestrogen pills in particular are associated with an increase in risk and to describe possible interactions between OC use and sun exposure or other risk factors for melanoma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women

et al. 1999

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“…Oestrogens alone, and combinations of oestrogens and progesterone, stimulate melanocyte division and melanogenic activity. These effects have been observed in animal experiments (Snell & Bischitz, 1960) and are presumably the underlying cause of hyperpigmentation in women taking oral contraceptives (Jelinek, 1970). Increased cell division and cellular activity are recognised as general properties of cancer promoters (Greenbaum & Weinstein, 1975).…”

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confidence: 96%

Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women: exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors

Holman¹,

Armstrong²,

Heenan³

1984

Br J Cancer

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Summary The roles of exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors in the causation of malignant melanoma of the skin in women were examined in a case-control study of 276 patients and 276 matched controls in Western Australia. There was no consistent evidence of a relationship between the incidence rates of different histogenetic types of melanoma and age at menarche, duration of menstrual life, degree of obesity, number of pregnancies more than 20 weeks in duration or use of oral contraceptive preparations (OCP). Exposure to OCP was examined separately for different age periods and in different intervals of time before diagnosis; no consistent trend emerged. There was borderline evidence of an association of superficial spreading melanoma with duration of use of unopposed oestrogens. On the basis of seven studies of the relationship of melanoma to OCP published to date, we estimate that the total incidence rate of melanoma in OCP ever-users is unlikely to be increased by more than one third the rate in never-users.

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“…Secondly, oestrogen receptors have been found in human malignant melanoma cells (Fisher et al, 1976). Finally, one of the more commonly reported side effects of OC use is hyperpgimentation, especially of the face, which increases in incidence with duration of OC use (Jelinek, 1970;Carruthers, 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A case-control study of the possible association between oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma

Adam¹,

Sheaves²,

Wright³

et al. 1981

Br J Cancer

128

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Summary.-In a case-control study, we investigated 169 women aged 15-49 years with malignant melanoma notified to the Oxford and South Western cancer registries during the years 1971-76, together with 507 matched controls. Data about medical, reproductive, drug and smoking histories were obtained both by reviewing general practitioner (GP) records and from the women themselves by postal questionnaires. There was no significant evidence of any overall increase in the risk of melanoma in oral contraceptive (OC) users (data from GP records-ever use vs never use, relative risk (RR) 1.34, 9500 confidence limits 0.92-1 96; corresponding data from postal questionnaires-RR 1-13, limits 0.73-1-75). However, although not significant, the risk estimated from data in the postal questionnaires was higher in women who had used OCs for 5 years or more (use ;5 yrs vs never use, RR 1.57, limits 0-83-3.03).Previously demonstrated risk factors for melanoma, such as fair skin, blonde or red hair and Celtic origin were found to be commoner in the cases than in the controls.Data from the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study were also examined. Unexpectedly there was a strong suggestion of a negative association between OC use and melanoma risk, but the analysis was based on only 12 women with the disease.

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Cutaneous Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives

Cited by 40 publications

References 36 publications

Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women

Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women

Cutaneous malignant melanoma in women: exogenous sex hormones and reproductive factors

A case-control study of the possible association between oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma

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