Cutaneous Manifestations of Biological Warfare and Related Threat Agents

Waterborne Outbreak of Tularemia Associated with Crayfish Fishing

“…F. tularensis has been classified as one of the microorganisms that could be used as a biological warfare agent (29)(30)(31). The waterborne route for infection that we have described here supports the possibility that intentional contamination of water could be the source of a rare bacterial disease in the future.…”

Design and Testing for a Nontagged F1‐V Fusion Protein as Vaccine Antigen against Bubonic and Pneumonic Plague

“…Historical Pursuit. The search for an effective plague vaccine dates back to an outbreak in India that began in 1896 and eventually killed 13 million people (11, 12). A protective formulation of heat‐killed, phenolyzed Y. pestis broth culture was created by W. M. W. Haffkine and tested in rabbits in 1897.…”

Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons

“…This form of disease is much milder and carries a low fatality rate. 9,11 Lesions are more rapidly developing and typically crust by day 7, although the extent of eruption was not necessarily less than in classic smallpox. 11,40 Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox.…”

“…9,11 Lesions are more rapidly developing and typically crust by day 7, although the extent of eruption was not necessarily less than in classic smallpox. 11,40 Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox. 9 Illness associated with variola minor is much milder and lesions are more diminutive than in variola major.…”

“…In their endemic form, some of these diseases produce skin findings but in epidemic form typically do not. 11 Caution should be used, however, when dealing with patients with suspicious cutaneous findings of diseases thought to produce only systemic findings in their epidemic form.…”