Cutaneous leishmaniasis and co-morbid major depressive disorder: A systematic review with burden estimates

Bailey, Freddie; Mondragón-Shem, Karina; Haines, Lee R.; Olabi, Amina; Alorfi, Ahmed; Postigo, Jorge; Alvar, Jorge; Hotez, Peter J.; Adams, Emily R.; Vélez, Iván Darío; Al-Salem, Waleed S.; Eaton, Julian; Acosta-Serrano, Álvaro; Molyneux, David

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007092

Cited by 83 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…Intense inflammatory response developed by Leishmania infection implies in patients facing impact in social life . Hence, we believe in the potential APDT benefits‐related parasite inactivation and in its potential to enhance life quality of affected people and animals who suffer from destructive wound and scars caused by CL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence

Cabral

Sabino

Dimmer

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease that promotes destructive lesions. Difficulties in treatment are related to accessibility of drugs, resistance and toxicity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been emerging as a promising treatment for CL. In this work, we evaluated methylene blue (MB)‐mediated APDT (MB‐APDT) on Leishmania amazonensis in vitro and in vivo by bioluminescence technique. In vitro, MB‐APDT was performed using a red LED (λ = 660 ± 11 nm, 100 mW cm−2) and MB (100 µm) at different light doses. In vivo, mice were infected and 4 weeks later, randomly divided into three groups: control, APDT 1 (single session) and APDT 2 (two sessions of MB‐APDT). MB was used at 100 µm and energy dose was established at 150 J cm−2. Parasite burden, lesion size and pain were evaluated weekly for 4 weeks. In vitro, lethal dose for 90% parasite inactivation was achieved at 48.8 J cm−2. In vivo, although APDT 1 and APDT 2 groups have showed similar parasite burden after 4 weeks, two sessions were clinically better, especially considering the inflammatory process associated to CL. Our findings reinforce MB‐APDT as a cost‐effective treatment to combat CL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence

Cabral

Sabino

Dimmer

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…These findings complement those of Bailey et al, in their recent systematic review of the psychosocial impact of CL. They used the data from qualitative and quantitative studies to demonstrate a high burden of co-morbid depression in both active and inactive forms of the disease (70).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Leishmaniasis on Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-being: A Systematic Review

Pires

Wright

Kaye

et al. 2019

Preprint

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19Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease endemic in South 20 Asia, East Africa, South America and the Middle East. It is associated with low 21 socioeconomic status (SES) and responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity. 22Reports suggest that patients with leishmaniasis may have a higher risk of mental illness 23 (MI), psychosocial morbidity (PM) and reduced quality of life (QoL), but this is not 24 well characterised. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to assess 25 the reported impact of leishmaniasis on mental health and psychosocial wellbeing. 26Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out. Pre-specified criteria 27 were applied to identify publications including observational quantitative studies or 28 systematic reviews. Two reviewers screened all of the titles, abstracts and full-studies 29 and a third reviewer was consulted for disagreements. Data was extracted from papers 30 meeting the criteria and quality appraisal of the methods was performed using the 31 Newcastle-Ottowa Scale or the Risk of Bias in Systematic Review tool. 32Results: A total of 14 studies were identified from 12,517 records. Nine cross-sectional, 33 three case-control, one cohort study and one systematic review were included. Eleven 34 assessed MI outcomes and were measured with tools specifically designed for this; nine 35 measured PM and 12 measured QoL using validated measurement tools. Quality 36 appraisal of the studies showed that six were of good quality. Cutaneous leishmaniasis 37 and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis showed evidence of associated MI and PM 38 including depression, anxiety and stigma, while all forms of disease showed decreased 39 QoL. The findings were used to inform a proposed model and conceptual framework to 40 show the possible links between leishmaniasis and mental health outcomes. 3 41 Conclusion: There is evidence that leishmaniasis has an impact on MI, PM or QoL of 42 patients and their families and this occurs in all the main subtypes of the disease. There 43 are however large gaps in the evidence. Further research is required to understand the 44 full extent of this problem and its mechanistic basis. 45 46 AUTHOR SUMMARY 47 Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease prevalent in many low-and middle-income countries 48 worldwide. In this study the authors looked for evidence as to whether leishmaniasis 49 affected the mental health and quality of life of patients. To conduct the review, a wide 50 search of the literature was conducted, where a total of 14 full articles were included 51 and analysed. It was found that different forms of leishmaniasis (visceral leishmaniasis, 52 cutaneous leishmaniasis and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) do cause a significant 53 impact on patients' mental health and quality of life through societal factors such as 54 stigma, lack of knowledge, culture and low self-esteem among others. However, no 55 evidence of biological mechanisms was found linking leishmaniasis to mental i...

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“…The epidemiology of leishmaniasis is influenced by several factors including suitable vectors, environmental conditions, socio-economic status, demographic and human behaviours [33,34]. Poor housing, migration in search for employment, deforestation, immunosuppressive conditions like HIV and AIDS and malnutrition are some of the risk factors implicated on the prevalence of leishmaniasis [35,36]. Like in many developing countries, these factors are also prevalent in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Perceptions On CL Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis A Neglected Tropical Disease: Community Knowledge, Attitude And Practices In An Endemic Area, Northwest Ethiopia

Tamiru

Mashalla

Mohammed

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases in the Ethiopian highlands and studies on assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of the community in endemic areas are scanty. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis and treatment seeking practices in people living in the endemic highlands areas in the Northwest, Ethiopia and provide evidence-based information to guide development of appropriate interventions to reduce the impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis on communities. Methods Quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic districts (woredas) using a semi structured questionnaires. Households were randomly selected according to probability proportional to size of households in each enumeration area. Systematic random sampling of eligible households was based on the number of households recorded during listing of households. Descriptive statistics was used to describe numerical data, organise and summarise the data in a manner that gave meaning to the numerical form. Frequency tables were used to show descriptive analysis and regression analysis was used to determine correlation between variables. Results Majority of respondents 321(78.7%) lived in rural areas, age ranged between 18 and 85 years and most were farmers. Illiteracy was high (47.6%) among respondents and majority 358(87.8%) had seen patients with CL. Less than quarter (21.6%) had heard about sand flies and knowledge on the peak transmission period was low (46.3%). About 192 (47.1%) of the respondents indicated disfiguring lesions were the major clinical presentations, less than half 55(27.5%) of urban residents believed CL was treatable compared to 145(72.5%) of rural residents (P < 0.001). Traditional medicines were indicated as best treatment option by 209(51.2%) compared to 114(27.9%) for modern treatment. Major factors influencing treatment options included accessibility to treatment facilities, distance and short duration of treatment. Participants expressed negative experiential attitude and perceived control towards modern treatment because of inaccessibility and distance from where modern treatment is provided. Conclusion Priority should be given to primary prevention and appropriate awareness campaigns on lesion recognition, prevention. Information on modern treatment should be intensified.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis and co-morbid major depressive disorder: A systematic review with burden estimates

Cited by 83 publications

References 49 publications

Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence

Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence

The Impact of Leishmaniasis on Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-being: A Systematic Review

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis A Neglected Tropical Disease: Community Knowledge, Attitude And Practices In An Endemic Area, Northwest Ethiopia

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