Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an increasing threat for travellers

Antinori, Spinello; Gianelli, Erika; Calattini, Sara; Longhi, Erika; Gramiccia, Marina; Corbellino, Mario

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01046.x

Cited by 52 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Recent reports suggest an increase in cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis linked to the phenomenon of international tourism, migration of refugees and, especially, military operations and humanitarian aid [19]. Leishmaniasis is an emerging threat for travelers and should be considered in all patients presenting slow-to-heal ulcers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory effects associated with a live vaccine against Leishmania major containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides

Weigand

Belkaid

et al. 2006

Eur J Immunol

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The inoculation of live Leishmania major to produce a lesion that heals (leishmanization) is to date the only vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis that has proven effective in humans, but it still has an unacceptable frequency of large ulcerating lesions that are slow to heal or, in rare cases, non-healing. We have previously shown that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated intradermally with 10 4 L. major/50 lg CpG oligodeoxynucleotides develop little or no dermal lesions and show early containment of parasite growth in the vaccination site, eliminating safety concerns related to the inoculation of live organisms. The addition of CpG to the live vaccine resulted in early activation of dermal dendritic cells and increased IL-6 production, as well as in a reduction in the accumulation of Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (T reg ) cells that naturally occurs in the skin following Leishmania infection. Neutralization of IL-6 caused the development of larger lesions and increased local T reg cell numbers. Transfer of vaccine-primed dendritic cells into IL-6-deficient mice mitigated lesion development, indicating that IL-6 reconstitution limited pathology in the vaccination site.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory effects associated with a live vaccine against Leishmania major containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides

Weigand

Belkaid

et al. 2006

Eur J Immunol

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“…Furthermore, a significant number of VL cases have been reported among travelers in recent years [18,28,29,37]. In non-endemic countries the management of leishmaniasis remains a challenge for physicians, and delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment are frequently encountered [24,26,28,29].…”

Section: Leishmaniasis In International Travelersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial CL lesion is usually a gradually enlarging, erythematous, often pruritic papule, which subsequently progresses to nodule and then to ulcer during the next 1e3 months Figure 1 Ulcerated dry lesion caused by Leishmania infantum. [24,32,36,38,39,41,50,62] (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations 31 Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

111

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Summary Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. ª

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“…Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia in the Americas and Phlebotomus in the Old World. The disease constitutes a severe public health problem in at least 98 countries, as well as several that are non-endemic but are currently experiencing increased numbers of imported cases as a consequence of international tourism (1)(2)(3)(4). An estimated 14 million people are infected and about two million new cases occur each year (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%