Cutaneous Anthrax: An Endemic Outbreak in South India

Vijaikumar, M; Thappa, Devinder Mohan; Karthikeyan, K.

doi:10.1093/tropej/48.4.225

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although most developed countries report few sporadic cases in livestock and humans, the disease is still enzootic in parts of Africa (e.g., Zimbabwe and Chad), the Middle East, Central Asia, China, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India. 1,2,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The geographic distribution of anthrax is associated with certain ecological factors. In some ecosystems, outbreaks occur late in the hot-dry season, whereas in others, outbreaks are associated with the end of heavy rains, suggesting that weather extremes may be an important trigger of outbreaks.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cutaneous Anthrax—Still a Reality in India

Thappa

2019

ANAMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Anthrax, a toxigenic zoonosis, incidentally affecting humans has become rare but endemic outbreaks still continue to occur in tropical countries like India, parts of South America, and Europe where veterinary control of livestock is marginal and environmental conditions favor an animal–soil–animal cycle. India, with its largest population of livestock in the world, continues to have anthrax outbreaks with highest incidence reported from south, and the authors have reported an outbreak of 23 cases from 1998 to 2001 from south India. Children outnumbered adults and most of them had lesions on the exposed sites. However, there is a limited documentation of anthrax outbreaks from India warranting the need for sensitizing and creating awareness among health care professionals to identify and report these cases at the earliest so that appropriate actions are taken. Anthrax continues to retain a certain fascination and notoriety because of the potential for use of the bacillus spores in biologic warfare.

show abstract

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anthrax occupies an important place in the history of infectious diseases, as it is the first human disease to be attributed to a specific pathogen. 1,2 It is a zoonotic infection with Bacillus anthracis. The name anthrax comes from a Greek word for "coal," a reference to black eschar that is eventually formed in cutaneous anthrax.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Anthrax—Still a Reality in India

Thappa

2019

ANAMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cutaneous anthrax occurs after infection of a cut, lesion or bite on the skin. [49][50][51][52] Symptoms occur two to three days after infection and consist initially of a small boil-like papule, followed by the development of a ring of vesicles around the original papule. The papule ulcerates to form an eschar (a hard plaque covering an ulcer) which enlarges, turns black and results in localised oedema.…”

Section: Anthrax Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria as potential tools in bioterrorism, with an emphasis on bacterial toxins

Clarke

2005

British Journal of Biomedical Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The threat of bioterrorism remains a reality worldwide and, although of low probability, an attack would be a high-consequence event. Microbes are available to individuals with appropriate contacts and even many low-grade bacterial pathogens can severely affect health. Toxins provide bacteria with a system of defence that is often detrimental to humans and their versatility makes them potential tools of bioterrorism. It should be remembered that the aim of terrorism is not always to kill but rather to strike fear into peoples lives. Therefore, agents such as botulinum and cholera toxin could be used, which may not cause significant mortality but would cause widespread panic and potentially high morbidity. Importantly, no state can ever be fully prepared for a response and it is probable that no state ever could be. It is for this reason that biological agents are so attractive as weapons.

show abstract

“…Vultures are large raptors that feed predominately on carrion, thereby playing an important role in cleaning the environment as well as mitigating the spread of infectious diseases from putrefying carcasses (Markandya et al, 2008,Vijaikumar et al, 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of liver slices from the Cape vulture ( Gyps coprotheres ) to better understand the role of liver toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in vultures

Adawaren

Mukandiwa

Njoya

et al. 2018

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was responsible for the death of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent, following the consumption of diclofenac contaminated carcasses. The aim of this research was to establish if liver slices could serve as an alternate means of predicting the toxicity of NSAIDs in Gyps vultures. The Cape vulture liver slices was prepared and incubated with four NSAIDs for 6 h. A percent clearance of 1.0 ± 0.253, 0.58 ± 0.153, 0.961 ± 0.312 and 1.242 ± 0.406 (%/h*g) was attained for diclofenac, carprofen, ketoprofen and meloxicam respectively. Both meloxicam and diclofenac exerted toxic effects on the hepatic cells. Protein content indicated that the vulture tissue had lower enzyme levels than expected for an animal of its size. The poor distinction between the ex vivo hepatic percent clearance of meloxicam and diclofenac indicates that liver slices is not an ideal model to investigate NSAIDs toxicity in Cape vulture.

show abstract

Cutaneous Anthrax: An Endemic Outbreak in South India

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Cutaneous Anthrax—Still a Reality in India

Cutaneous Anthrax—Still a Reality in India

Bacteria as potential tools in bioterrorism, with an emphasis on bacterial toxins

The use of liver slices from the Cape vulture ( Gyps coprotheres ) to better understand the role of liver toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in vultures

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About