Cutaneous and Sensory Effects of Feminine Hygiene Pads Among Women with Recent Genital Infection

Farage, Miranda A.; Meyer, Sandy; Κατσαρού, Αλεξάνδρα; Bowtell, Philip; Deliveliotou, Aikaterini; Creatsas, George

doi:10.1080/15569520600695561

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…The allele, A or G, was determined for a cohort of HCWs using DNA genotyping methods. NSI was evaluated with a quantitative magnitude scale to measure the response to lactic acid (neurosensory irritant) on both the hands, the site of visible irritation in HCWs, and nasolabial folds, the most common site for the assessment of NSI [4,6,11,13,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of TNF‐α polymorphism ‐308 in neurosensory irritation

Davis

Visscher

Wickett³

et al. 2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Neurosensory cutaneous discomfort in response to topical products is common, yet the relationship between symptoms such as stinging and visible irritation is currently unclear. The presence of a polymorphism at position -308 on the TNF-α gene has been associated with skin irritation, i.e., erythema, dryness. Individuals with a G to A transition (AA/GA genotypes) have a lower threshold to experimentally induced irritation than those with the wild type (G allele, GG genotype). We investigated the effect of this polymorphism on neurosensory irritation (NSI). DNA genotyping was used to determine the allele type amongst a population of health care workers. The neurosensory response to lactic acid and water on the nasolabial folds and hands was assessed using a quantitative lactic acid sting test. Both genotypes had a more intense response to lactic acid compared with water on the face. The AA/GA genotypes had directionally higher scores from lactic acid (P = 0.1) and significantly higher stinging intensities from water (P = 0.001) on the face. For the hands, stinging intensities were higher for lactic acid and water amongst the AA/GA genotypes (P = 0.03 and 0.006 respectively). NSI to lactic acid was significantly higher on the face than on the hands (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that subjects with the A transition at position -308 on the TNF-α gene experience more intense NSI with common ingredients, i.e., lactic acid and water, than those with the wild type. TNF-α polymorphism -308 may account for some of the inter-individual variability in response to skin care practices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of TNF‐α polymorphism ‐308 in neurosensory irritation

Davis

Visscher

Wickett³

et al. 2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…Sensory data are collected using simple questionnaires to determine the frequency of unpleasant sensations such as dryness, burning and itching. We have incorporated measures of sensory effects in clinical studies on feminine hygiene pads and wipes [33,45,46], nasal irritation studies [37] and BTK studies [36].…”

Section: Add Additional Endpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Dermal Safety of Products Intended for Genital Mucosal Exposure

Farage

Scheffler²

2011

Topical Applications and the Mucosa

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Manufacturers employ a stepwise approach to ensure the skin safety and compatibility of consumer products that are intended for contact with mucosal skin. The properties of the ingredients are evaluated fully, along with any available safety and skin compatibility information, to eliminate any chemicals that may be strong contact sensitizers or irritants. Contact sensitization potential is evaluated by applying a quantitative exposure assessment to each ingredient or component to determine if the extent of the expected exposure is likely to pose any risk of contact sensitization. Likely exposures are calculated using the manufacturer's unique knowledge of the intended product matrix, consumer usage patterns and measurements of particular exposure variables. If adequate safety assurance cannot be provided, further testing may be conducted. The skin compatibility and irritation potential of each ingredient is evaluated using existing test data, and experience from other products containing the same or a structurally similar ingredient. Once a finished product or formulation is developed, another round of assessments is conducted to ensure that no unexpected matrix effects negatively impact the skin compatibility profile. This may include clinical testing protocols involving single and multiple patch tests, and extended use testing, with visual and/or instrumental assessments. This approach to ensuring the skin safety of products has been used successfully for many decades, and adverse skin reactions to modern products are rare. The challenge for the future is to develop test protocols that will discriminate between products that are very similar in their favorable skin compatibility profile. Options to meet this challenge include testing protocols that will: (1) further exaggerate exposure conditions, such as the behind-the-knee protocol, (2) increase the sensitivity of scoring for irritant effects, such as with the use of instrumentation, and (3) quantitatively measuring additional endpoints, such as subjective sensory effects.

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