Customized design of horizontal flow constructed wetlands employing secondary datasets

Machine Learning Application for Nutrient Removal Rate Coefficient Analyses in Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetlands

“…Temperature influences the microbial activity, reaction rates, and solubility of gases in water, which are all critical factors in the treatment processes within HFCWs. Lower temperatures (0–10 °C; Northern parts of Europe and America and parts of Asia) can slow down microbial metabolism and, consequently, the rate of pollutant degradation. , The moderate temperature range (10–20 °C; Southern Europe and the Americas, East Asia) is typically considered optimal for a balance between microbial activity and the viscosity of water, affecting the flow and aeration within the system. Higher temperatures (20–30 °C; Southern China, parts of Australia, and the northern and coastal areas of the Mediterranean) can enhance microbial activity and treatment efficiency but may also lead to increased evapotranspiration and potential oxygen depletion. , By classifying HFCWs according to these temperature brackets, it is possible to better understand and predict the performance of such systems under varying environmental conditions, thereby optimizing their design and operation for specific climatic regions. , The other classifications of HFCWs were carried out based on the depth of filter media (<0.2, 0.2–0.5, and >0.5 m) and temperature (0–10, 10–15, 15–20, and 20–30 °C).…”

“…These low-OLR HFCWs are mostly designed for the removal of nutrients (TN, TKN, and TP). Low-OLR systems are those receiving BOD loading rates of less than 30 g/m 3 -d . The low-OLR CWs generally receive a good quality secondary-treated wastewater and are designed predominantly for the removal of coliforms and nutrients to conform to stringent standards. , In this paper, the HFCWs receiving a low organic loading were analyzed in detail to identify the possible approaches for optimizing the prediction of k values.…”

“…Lower temperatures (0−10 °C; Northern parts of Europe and America and parts of Asia) can slow down microbial metabolism and, consequently, the rate of pollutant degradation. 22,23 The moderate temperature range (10−20 °C; Southern Europe and the Americas, East Asia) is typically considered optimal for a balance between microbial activity and the viscosity of water, affecting the flow and aeration within the system. Higher temperatures (20−30 °C; Southern China, parts of Australia, and the northern and coastal areas of the Mediterranean) can enhance microbial activity and treatment efficiency but may also lead to increased evapotranspiration and potential oxygen depletion.…”

“…The machine learning (ML) approach was followed as ML is better suited to solve complex problems due to its ability to generate robust nonlinear relationships among the datasets and build models correlating input and output parameters. − ML algorithms, namely, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were used for predicting the k values for HFCWs treating low-OLR wastewater. In our previous study, the performance data of 74 HFCWs from secondary sources were used to calculate the k values for nutrient removal. From this large dataset, the performance data of 23 low organically loaded HFCWs (OLR ≤ 30 g/m 3 -d) were isolated as these systems were receiving an already secondary-treated sewage and were designed to provide a further finer polish in terms of coliforms and nutrient removal.…”

Treatment of Bamboo for Sustainable Construction Practise: A Comprehensive Review

“…This procedure improves its dimensional stability, decreases moisture absorption, and increases decay resistance [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Alkali treatment, on the other hand, removes starches and sugars from bamboo, making it less appealing to insects and more resistant to deterioration [28][29][30][31][32][33]. These treatment approaches have demonstrated good results in improving bamboo characteristics.…”