“…Academic contributions about PQ within fast-food are extensive, and over time, the relationship between PQ and CS has been established (Chai et al, 2009;Ha and Jang, 2010;Rashid et al, 2014;Namin, 2017;Carranza et al, 2018;Shahzadi et al, 2018;Zhong and Moon, 2020;Singh et al, 2021;Abughoush et al, 2023;Ahmed et al, 2023). However, according to Le et al (2023), there is still a need to understand the impact of food quality on fast-food customer satisfaction, especially in developing economies. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed below.…”