“…To account for a time‐varying NAIRU, several authors have analyzed the role of hysteresis in potential output (Dutt, ; Lavoie, ; Storm & Naastepad, ), while others have suggested that wage and price formation may heavily influenced by ‘endogenous norms’, with a similar result (Arestis & Skott, ; Michl, in press; Skott, ; Stockhammer, ). Other contributions explore the role of customer markets (De Vincenti, ), entry and exit by firms (Ohyama, ) and the employment decisions by employers (Mota, Varejão, & Vasconcelos, ) . The critique of the NAIRU is part of a broader framework where demand shocks have permanent effects on real variables, including a large list of contributions (see e.g., Bruno, ; Commendatore, Panico, & Pinto, ; Cross, ; Fontana & Palacio‐Vera, ; Schoder, , among others).…”