Curriculum Vitae of the LOTOS-EUROS (v2.0) chemistry transport model

Abstract

Abstract. The development and application of chemistry transport models has a long tradition. Within the Netherlands the LOTOS-EUROS model has been developed by a consortium of institutes, after combination of its independently developed predecessors in 2005. Recently, version 2.0 of the model was released as an open source version. This paper presents the curriculum vitae of the model system, describing the model’s history, model philosophy, basic features, a validation with EMEP stations for the new benchmark year 2012, and presents cases with the model's most recent and key developments. By setting the model developments in context and providing an outlook for directions for further development, the paper goes beyond the common model description. With an origin in ozone and sulphur modelling for the models LOTOS and EUROS, the application areas were gradually extended with POPs, reactive nitrogen and primary and secondary particulate matter. After the combination of the models to LOTOS-EUROS in 2005, the model was further developed to include new source parametrizations (e.g. road resuspension, desert dust, wildfires), applied for operational smog forecasts in the Netherlands and Europe, and has been used for emission scenarios, source apportionment and long-term hindcast and climate change scenarios. LOTOS-EUROS has been a front-runner in data assimilation of ground-based and satellite observations and has participated in many model intercomparison studies. The model is no longer confined to applications over Europe but is also applied to other regions of the world, e.g. China. Also the increasing interaction with emission experts has contributed to the improvement of the model’s performance. The philosophy for model development has always been to use knowledge that is state of the art and proven, to keep good balance in the level of detail of process description and accuracy of input and output, and to keep a good track on the effect of model changes using benchmarking and validation. The performance of v2.0 with respect to EMEP observations is good, with spatial correlations around 0.8 or higher for concentrations and wet deposition. Temporal correlations are around 0.5 or higher. Recent innovative applications include source apportionment and data assimilation, particle number modelling, energy transition scenarios including corresponding land use changes as well as Saharan dust forecasting. Future developments would enable more flexibility with respect to model horizontal and vertical resolution and further detailing of model input data. This includes use of different sources of land use characterization (roughness length and vegetation), detailing of emissions in space and time, and efficient coupling to meteorology from different meteorological models.

Long-term observations of the background aerosol at Cabauw, The Netherlands

“…The highest PM 2.5 concentrations throughout the study period were observed in winters and springs, with average values of 19.0 and 15.0 lg m -3 , respectively, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in summers and autumns, having respective mean values of 9.1 and 10.8 lg m -3 . In general, high emissions from combustion sources (i.e., transportation and residential heating) in winter and autumn, and from agricultural activities in spring and summer, are the main contributors to this seasonal variation (Manders-Groot et al, 2016).…”

Answer to Referee #2

“…Barcelona Supercomputing Center Pérez et al (2006), Basart et al (2012) NMMB/BSC-Dust Barcelona Supercomputing Center Pérez et al (2011), Haustein et al (2012) DREAM8-NMME-MACC South East European Virtual Climate Change Center Nickovic et al (2001), Pérez et al (2006) LOTOS-EUROS The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Manders-Groot et al (2016) Section 2 provides an overview of the modeling system ICON-ART. In particular, the new emission scheme for mineral dust, aerosol-radiation, aerosol-cloud and cloudradiation interactions are explained.…”

“…The threshold friction velocity is defined as the value of the friction velocity at an equilibrium of aerodynamic, cohesive and gravitational forces (e.g., Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995;Shao and Lu, 2000). For values higher than the threshold friction velocity, emission of soil particles takes place.…”

Simulating Performance of CHIMERE on a Late Autumnal Dust Storm over Northern China

“…Research on wind-blown dust and numerical dust forecasting has received a much increased focus during the last few decades [13,14]. Many global and regional models and forecast systems have coupled various dust emission schemes and provided dust analyses and forecasts over the past 20 years, such as GOCART [15], SC-DREAM8b [16], CARMA-dust [17], WRF-Chem [18], CMAQ [19], CHIMERE [20], LOTOS-EUROS [21], NAQFC [22], NAQPMS [23], CFORS [24], and CUACE/Haze [25]. These models are conducted to forecast dust activities, for comparison and validation with observations for dust events and long-term aerosol variabilities, and are also widely used to study the effects of transported dust particles on air quality and climate, all of which are dedicated to serve sustainable human development.…”