“…Three hourly surface heat flu xes, solar radiat ion, wind stresses, and sea level air pressure fro m NOGAPS/ FNMOC are used for surface forcing [10]- [11]. Open boundary conditions (BC), including sea surface elevation, transport, temperature, salin ity and current, are based on average monthly climate values fro m 2003 through 2009 provided by the East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast/ Forecast System (EASNFS) of the Naval Research Laboratory [12]- [15]. Barotropic t idal forcing is applied to the open boundary grid by superimposing tidal elevation and transport for 11 tidal constituents (M m , M f , K 1 , O 1 , P 1 , Q 1 , K 2 , M 2 , N 2 , S 2 , and M 4 ) on the (non-tidal) BC fro m EASNFS using a forced radiat ion BC.…”