Current uses of botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to hand therapy interventions of hand conditions

Kalliainen, Loree K.; O’Brien, Virginia

doi:10.1016/j.jht.2013.12.003

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 71 publications

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“…Several recent case series have described the use of onabotulinum toxin A in the treatment of both vasospastic and obstructive RS. [31][32][33][34][35] Thoracic sympathectomy is seldom indicated for RS but may be effective in some patients with critical ischemia of the digits, achieving up to 95% ulcer healing with longterm (418 months) benefit of 58% in primary RS and 89% in secondary RS. 36 Currently, thoracoscopic sympathectomy has supplanted open cervicothoracic sympathectomy as the technique of choice.…”

Section: Surgical or Invasive Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Raynaud Syndrome

Valdovinos

Landry

2014

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Raynaud syndrome (RS) was first described by the French physician Maurice Raynaud in 1862 with the characteristic tricolor change featuring pallor (ischemic phase), cyanosis (deoxygenation phase), and erythema (reperfusion phase) induced by cold or stress. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanism is unclear, alterations in activity of the peripheral adrenoceptor have been implicated, specifically an enhanced smooth muscle contraction due to overexpression or hyperactivity of postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors. There are 2 ways that RS can appear clinically; isolated, formerly referred as Raynaud disease or now primary RS and in association with other conditions, usually connective tissue disorders (eg, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis), frequently called Raynaud phenomenon or secondary RS. The estimated prevalence in the general population is 3%-5%, with a higher prevalence in women than in men. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on patient descriptions of skin changes. Upper extremity pulse-volume recording is used to rule out proximal arterial obstruction. The differentiation between a vasospastic vs and obstructive mechanism is made using digital pressures and photoplethysmography, where an obstructive mechanism has decreased pressures and blunted waveforms. Cold challenge testing, such as ice water immersion with temperature recovery, is highly sensitive but lack specificity. Serologic screening (antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor) is advocated to rule out associated connective tissue disorders. Most patients with RS can be managed conservatively, with avoidance of cold exposure or hand warming. For those in whom conservative management is inadequate, a number of pharmacologic and surgical therapies have been used. Owing to lack of complete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, targeted therapy has not been possible; rather, therapy has been focused on the use of general vasodilation strategies. In this review, the diagnosis, natural history, and current medical and invasive therapy are summarized.

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