Current‐use pesticides in seawater and their bioaccumulation in polar bear–ringed seal food chains of the Canadian Arctic

Morris, Adam; Muir, Derek C. G.; Solomon, Keith R.; Letcher, Robert J.; McKinney, Melissa A.; Fisk, Aaron T.; McMeans, Bailey C.; Tomy, Gregg T.; Teixeira, Carlos; Wang, Xiaowa; Duric, Mark

doi:10.1002/etc.3427

Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Alachlor concentrations were in the range 0.01–2.2 ng/L (mean 0.49±0.55 ng/L). In contrast to the North Pacific Ocean, dacthal was not detected in the Chukchi Sea, even though it has been widely reported in high altitude Arctic environments where LRAT had a significant influence (Bidleman et al, ; Hermanson et al, ; Hoferkamp et al, ; Morris et al, ; Pućko et al, ; Ruggirello et al, ; Vorkamp & Rigét, ; Yao et al, ; Zhang et al, ; Zhong, Xie, Cai, et al, ). The distribution in the present study indicates a short half‐life and rapid degradation of dacthal in the ocean, and varying degrees of LRAT in different environmental conditions of the Arctic (Gouin, Cousins, et al, ; Gouin, Mackay, et al, ; van Pul et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

et al. 2019

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Distributions of eight targeted current‐use pesticides (CUPs) chloroneb, simazine, atrazine, alachlor, dacthal, chlorobenzilate, methoxychlor, and permethrin were investigated in seawater and the atmosphere in a region covering the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans during the 7th and 8th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (2016 and 2017) voyages of the research vessel R/V Xuelong (Snow Dragon in English). Total CUP concentrations in seawater have prominent seasonal and latitudinal trends, with higher concentrations occurring at lower latitudes in early summer. The major contributors of the CUPs (∑8CUP) did not alter over different seasons with dominant chloroneb, alachlor, and atrazine accounting for more than 90%, but their concentrations did have marked seasonal changes. However, the compositions of the eight analyzed CUPs varied indistinctly between seasons indicating a possible combined environmental impact on these compounds rather than the effects of individual chemical properties. Three‐day backward air mass trajectories indicate that atmospheric masses from northeastern China are responsible for the high concentrations of CUPs in East China and Japan Seas, whereas those from the North Atlantic Ocean contribute to the low levels in local area. Fugacity ratios indicate potential volatilization and equilibrium of chloroneb in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean and Japan Sea, respectively, and deposition of other CUPs in both regions. However, atmospheric concentrations are decoupled from those in seawater, which indicates a low exchange rate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

et al. 2019

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“…Mean beluga isotopic compositions (δ 15 N = 16.6 ± 0.6‰) were significantly higher than those of ringed seals (δ 15 N = 15.7 ± 1.1‰; t = 13.3, 155 df, p ≤ 0.01), halibut (15.2 ± 0.7‰; t = 13.3, 155 df, p ≤ 0.01) and capelin (13.5 ± 0.4‰; t = 10.22, 106 df, p ≤ 0.01) (Table ). δ 15 N values for capelin were obtained from literature values for summer caught capelin in Cumberland Sound and ranged from 12.9‰ to 13.8‰ (Dennard et al ; Marcoux et al ; McMeans et al ; Morris et al ). δ 13 C values of lipid extracted beluga liver ranged −16.8‰ to −18.9‰ and were comparable to those of skin and muscle reported previously (Marcoux et al ; Supporting Information Figure).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled changes between the H‐Print biomarker and δ¹⁵N indicates a variable sea ice carbon contribution to the diet of Cumberland Sound beluga whales

Brown

Chrystal

Ferguson

et al. 2017

Limnology & Oceanography

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Sub‐Arctic habitats are being exposed to increasingly long periods of open water as sea ice continues to decline in thickness and extent. Some hypothesize that this will result in a reduction, and maybe total loss of sea ice derived (sympagic) carbon supply; however, the impact of such change on ecosystems requires further investigation. Here, we used the H‐Print biomarker approach that utilizes well‐defined indicators of both sympagic and phytoplanktic carbon, in combination with stable isotopes (δ15N), to study the effect of reducing sympagic carbon availability on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the sub‐Arctic ecosystem of Cumberland Sound. Our data show that decreasing δ15N in belugas was negatively correlated with pelagic carbon (H‐Print) within their diet. We also identified a statistically significant (R2 = 0.82; p ≤ 0.01) change point in the proportion of sympagic/pelagic carbon within beluga around the year 2000, signified by consistently reducing δ15N, coupled with increasing pelagic carbon composition. This observed shift from sympagic to pelagic contribution to diet is likely to remain a feature of the Cumberland Sound ecosystem during the projected reduction of sea ice.

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“…Dugongs may be at risk of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides that are used in the sugar cane industry along the Queensland coast and have been detected at 5 – 270 pg/L in coastal river systems (31). Carnivorous marine mammals may also ingest these compounds through their diets of invertebrates and fish, which have shown evidence of bioaccumulation of organophosphates in Arctic populations (32). In order to improve our understanding of the extent of exposure and attendant risk marine mammals face, we recommend increased monitoring of marine mammal habitats, as well as the testing of tissues from deceased animals for biomarkers of organophosphate exposure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ancient convergent losses ofParaoxonase 1yield potential risks for modern marine mammals

Meyer

Jamison

Richter

et al. 2018

Science

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Mammals diversified by colonizing drastically different environments, with each transition yielding numerous molecular changes, including losses of protein function. Though not initially deleterious, these losses could subsequently carry deleterious pleiotropic consequences. We have used phylogenetic methods to identify convergent functional losses across independent marine mammal lineages. In one extreme case, () accrued lesions in all marine lineages, while remaining intact in all terrestrial mammals. These lesions coincide with PON1 enzymatic activity loss in marine species' blood plasma. This convergent loss is likely explained by parallel shifts in marine ancestors' lipid metabolism and/or bloodstream oxidative environment affecting PON1's role in fatty acid oxidation. PON1 loss also eliminates marine mammals' main defense against neurotoxicity from specific man-made organophosphorus compounds, implying potential risks in modern environments.

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Current‐use pesticides in seawater and their bioaccumulation in polar bear–ringed seal food chains of the Canadian Arctic

Cited by 53 publications

References 46 publications

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

Coupled changes between the H‐Print biomarker and δ¹⁵N indicates a variable sea ice carbon contribution to the diet of Cumberland Sound beluga whales

Ancient convergent losses ofParaoxonase 1yield potential risks for modern marine mammals

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Current‐use pesticides in seawater and their bioaccumulation in polar bear–ringed seal food chains of the Canadian Arctic

Cited by 53 publications

References 46 publications

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Changes of Current‐Use Pesticides from the North Pacific to the Arctic Oceans

Coupled changes between the H‐Print biomarker and δ15N indicates a variable sea ice carbon contribution to the diet of Cumberland Sound beluga whales

Ancient convergent losses ofParaoxonase 1yield potential risks for modern marine mammals

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Coupled changes between the H‐Print biomarker and δ¹⁵N indicates a variable sea ice carbon contribution to the diet of Cumberland Sound beluga whales