Current Understanding of the Use of Alkaline Extractions of Soils to Investigate Soil Organic Matter and Environmental Processes

Ohno, Tsutomu; Hess, Nancy; Qafoku, Nikolla P.

doi:10.2134/jeq2019.08.0292

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Other methods evaluated in this study that had evidently higher Range fc4 [(17, 19, 57-59); in Poeplau et al (24)] all used chemical agents either for density fractionation (sodium polytungstate), alkaline extraction (sodium diphosphate) or OM oxidation (H 2 O 2 , NaOCl 2 ). Besides higher work load through acquisition of additional fractions that have to be investigated and measured separately, chemical agents might change the chemical composition of POM (60,61). However, water has no effect on the chemistry of POM (60).…”

Section: Comparison Of Isolation Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Approach to Isolate Slow and Fast Cycling Organic Carbon Fractions in Central European Soils—Importance of Dispersion Method

et al. 2021

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Numerous approaches have been developed to isolate fast and slow cycling soil organic carbon (SOC) pools using physical and chemical fractionation. Most of these methods are complex, expensive, and time consuming and unsuited for high-throughput application, such as for regional scale assessments. For simpler and faster fractionation via particle size the key issue is the dispersion of soil. It is unclear how the initial dispersion of soil affects the turnover rates of isolated fractions. We investigated five commonly used dispersion methods using different intensities: shaking in water, shaking in water with glass beads, ultrasonication at 100 and 450 J ml−1 and sodium hexametaphosphate (Na-HMP). We used soils from long-term field experiments that included a change from C3 to C4 vegetation and adjacent control sites using δ13C isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We evaluated the degree of C3/C4 moieties of the fractions, mass and carbon recovery and reproducibility as well as the time expenditures of the dispersions, sieving and drying techniques to develop an efficient and cheap fractionation method. Our results indicate that ultrasonication as well as H2O treatment with and without glass beads resulted in fractions with different turnover. Moreover, isolation performances depended on soil texture. While the isolation of the fractions using water with and without glass beads was equivalent to ultrasonication in soils with low clay contents, these methods had limited potential for soils with high clay contents. Furthermore, treatment with water alone had less reproducible results than other tested methods. The SOC recovery was comparable and satisfactory amongst non-chemical dispersion methods and reached over 95% for each of these methods. The use of Na-HMP was unsuccessful due to high time expenditures and strong SOC leaching. We propose particle size fractionation combined with ultrasonic dispersion as a fast and highly reliable method to quantify slow and fast cycling SOC pools for a wide range of soil types and textures from agricultural sites in central Europe.

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Section: Comparison Of Isolation Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Approach to Isolate Slow and Fast Cycling Organic Carbon Fractions in Central European Soils—Importance of Dispersion Method

et al. 2021

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“…In organic matter the exposed carboxyl group is the major source of charge that contributes to the ion exchange [24]. When decomposition of organic matter takes place it convert into very complex form of compounds such as humic acid, fulvic acid, humin and derivatives of amino acid and phenolic acid with a structure in the form of R-CH 3 -COOH and R-CH 2 -COOH [25]. When pH of soil decreased (high acidity), the proton (H + ) concentrations in soil solution increases (Fig.…”

Section: +2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In acidic soil of pH close to 5.5-6.0, dissociation process to give negative charge in humus is mainly by carboxylic group and above pH 6.0 by the phenolic (OH) group. Below pH 5.0 different compounds of organic matter fails to dissociates for giving negative charge to the soil [25]. At some intermediate pH, the dissociation and protonation process equals leaving the net charge zero on the ion exchange complex, which is called as zero point charge (ZPC).…”

Section: +2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Exchange: The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth after Photosynthesis

Meetei

Devi

Chanu

2020

IRJPAC

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Ion exchange is the interchange of equivalent amount of ions from the solution with ions which are swarming in a boundary of charged surface in equilibrium. It is developed due to the presence of charge in the soil colloids or layer lattice clay minerals. The source of charge developed in the colloidal surface site of soil is mainly from two processes viz. isomorphous substitution and pH dependent charge. The charge can be positive or negative due to the exchange reaction in the layer lattice. The ion exchange capacity is the sum of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and anion exchange capacity (AEC). It depends on the types of soil and the amount of charge present in the layer lattice colloidal structure. With high negative charge in the lattice surface the CEC increases and with positive charge the AEC. Ions with higher charge have larger affinity to adsorbed more strongly than lower. Ion exchange capacity in soil has the ability to retained more nutrients in the form of cations or anions making available to plant for a long time which improved the fertility of soil. Leaching loss of different nutrients from the soil is reduced by holding different ions. Ion exchange processes have been widely used for heavy metal removal for waste water treatment and water purification because of its high remedial capacity, high removal efficiency and fast kinetic. Due to its applications in agriculture, environmental management, industries, waste water treatment in mining industries, laboratory, nanotechnology, geotechnical and other soil reclamation processes it is considered as the second most important reaction in the globe after photosynthesis.

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“…The debates on the extraction and fractionation of HS have continue until present and still concentrate on the question of how the materials obtained by chemical extraction represent true structure and biological function of organic matter (Kleber and Johnson, 2010;Lehman and Kleber, 2015;Olk et al, 2019). However, it does not change a commonly accepted statement that there is no better alternative than sodium hydroxide solution for the separation of the humic substances from soil (Schnitzer and Monreal, 2011;Ohno et al, 2019), despite an increasing suitability of non-destructive quantitative analysis (Chodak, 2008;Strouhalova et al, 2019;Wells, 2019). However, even scientist who support the classical alkaline extractions in SOM studies, faced a problem of inconsisten-cy between extraction procedures and possible incomparability of their results (Andrzejewski, 1963;Mucha, 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of sequential extraction techniques and fractional composition of humic substances in chernozems and phaeozems of Poland – A review

Dudek¹,

Łabaz²,

Kabała³

2021

Soil Sci. Ann.

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Studies on organic matter have always been an important part of soil environment characterization. However, an extraction of humic substances from the organo-mineral complexes is diffi cult and requires special procedures. Sodium hydroxide, sodium pyrophosphate and sulfuric acids are among the basic extractants. However, its application in various order, combinations and concentrations arises question on the comparability of the results obtained from various methods. The aim of the review was to compare the major fractionation procedures according to Tiurin, Kononowa/Belczikowa, Boratyński/Wilk, and Duchaufour/Jacquin, and the composition of soil humus as investigated by these methods, using the published data for chernozemic soils from various regions of Poland. The comparison confi rmed, that these major fractionation procedures are hardly comparable in chemical terms due to differences in extraction environment. However, taking into account the declared binding strength of extracted humus fractions to the mineral soil compounds, the methods of Tiurin and Boratyński/Wilk gave the most compatible results. In general, all applied methods indicated a predominance of the humus fractions weakly and more strongly bound to nonsilicate soil compounds (apart from the high contribution of humins/non-extractable residuum). Considering all multistage and long lasting procedures applying different reagents in various concentration, the best results can be achieved with method of Tiurin. At the same time authors suggest that more advanced studies concerning composition, structure or other properties of extracted humic substances using the non-invasive procedures need to be carried out.

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Current Understanding of the Use of Alkaline Extractions of Soils to Investigate Soil Organic Matter and Environmental Processes

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

A Simple Approach to Isolate Slow and Fast Cycling Organic Carbon Fractions in Central European Soils—Importance of Dispersion Method

A Simple Approach to Isolate Slow and Fast Cycling Organic Carbon Fractions in Central European Soils—Importance of Dispersion Method

Ion Exchange: The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth after Photosynthesis

Comparison of sequential extraction techniques and fractional composition of humic substances in chernozems and phaeozems of Poland – A review

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