Current understanding of the origin, molecular biology and continuing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Abstract

Recent outbreaks of human coronaviruses, officially named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have put health authorities worldwide on a high alert. Firstly emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly escalating into a global pandemic. It is first thought as the result of a zoonotic transmission event, similar to the previous epidemic of coronaviruses. However, a continuously increasing number of confirmed cases indicates that the virus gains capacity of efficient human-to-human transmission. Soon after the pandemic is arising, many efforts are focused on identifying the origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population. Current evidence suggests that the virus is probably derived from bat or pangolin coronaviruses as the natural host. Whether intermediate host(s) exist in the transmission cascade from bat or pangolin to humans is, to a great extent, elusive. This information is essential as the basis for infection prevention and control measures. In this review, we discuss our recent understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, highlighting its origin and molecular evolution. ABSTRAKSaat ini, kita sedang menghadapi wabah yang disebabkan oleh human corona virus, yang secara resmi diberi nama severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Wabah ini medapatkan perhatian yang luas dari berbagai institusi kesehatan di seluruh dunia. Dilaporkan pertama kali terjadi di kota Wuhan, Cina, wabah SARS-CoV-2 secara cepat telah menyebar ke banyak negara dan berkembang menjadi pandemi. Diduga awalnya bahwa virus SARS-CoV-2 ini berasal dari transmisi hewan kemanusia, sama seperti wabah coronaviruses sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi yang semakin meningkat, menunjukkan indikasi bahwa virus SARS-CoV-2 telah memiliki kapasitas untuk menular secara efektif dari manusia ke manusia. Segera setelah wabah terjadi, berbagai studi difokuskan untuk melacak asal urus virus SARS-CoV-2 sebelum menginfeksi manusia. Buktibukti terkini menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 kemungkinan berasal dari coronaviruses yang bersirkulasi di bats (kelelawar) atau pangolins. Apakah terdapat intermediate host antara kelelawar atau pangolins dan manusia, masih belum jelas. Informasi semacam ini sangat penting sebagai dasar tindakan pencegahan dan pengendalian wabah. Pada artikel ini, kami membahas tentang biologi virus SARS-CoV-2, dengan fokus pada asal usul dan evolusi virus tersebut.

Genetic Variation of Structural and Functional Genes of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates Circulating in Banyumas (Indonesia)

“…The viral envelope is made up of the envelope and membrane, as well as spike proteins. "The non-structural RNA genome, which contains ORF1ab, ORF3, ORF6, 7a, 8, and ORF10, has highly conserved information for ORF1ab genome RNA synthesis and replication" (Hakim et al, 2020;Jamison et al, 2022). http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati…”

Epidemiological Features and Phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 Circulating in the Southeast Asia in Early Pandemic

“…Globally, SARS-CoV-2 mutates at roughly 23.6 mutations/per year [8,9]. In addition, many changes and deletions were found in the genomes of distinct SARS-CoV-2 strains collected from diverse locations, indicating a rapid development of the virus during the present pandemic [10].…”