Current Understanding of Rhodococcus Equi infection and its Zoonotic Implications

Khurana, Sandip Kumar

doi:10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.1.10

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…10 R equi is distributed worldwide with a highly variable pattern. 2 This bacterium has zoonotic potential and has been increasingly reported in immunocompromised human patients. [11][12][13] The pathogenicity of R equi infection in horses has been extensively studied and well documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 The major routes of transmission are inhalation and ingestion. 2 The lungs have been described as a predilection site in foals manifesting chronic pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia. 15 The most common abdominal manifestation is diarrhoea associated with ulcerative enterotyphlocolitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 In humans, pneumonia is the most common manifestation along with EPDs, as outlined by Khurana. 2 For example, abscess of the brain, 19 meninges, peritoneum and thyroid gland; fever; diarrhoea; lymphadenitis; pericarditis; polysynovitis; osteoarthritis; osteomyelitis; colonic polyps; 20 mass in the lungs; granulomatous mastitis; 21 and endophthalmitis specifically in immunocompromised patients have been documented. In another study comparing the mortality rate of rhodococcosis in human patients, the highest mortality rate was reported to be in people with HIV, followed by immunocompromised non-HIV-positive patients with rhodococcosis, and the lowest mortality rate was in immunocompetent patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Aslam

Lau

Chin

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with Rhodococcus equi. Methods Forty cats aged between 2 months and 11 years old (median 6 months) that were definitively diagnosed with rhodococcosis between 2012 and 2018 were recruited in this study. Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment plans and clinical outcomes. Results Of the 40 cats, 36 showed the pulmonary form of the disease, with 35 (87.5%) presented with dyspnoea, while four cats presented with only cutaneous lesions. Mean body temperature was 38.7 ± 0.2°C. Dyspnoea was noted in 87.5% of the cats. Leukocytosis (58.3%) with band neutrophilia (83.3%), monocytosis (58.3%) and thrombocytopenia (55.5%) were prominent findings in the haematology reports. Hyperproteinaemia (61.1%) with hypoalbuminaemia (22.2%) and hyperglobulinaemia (63.8%) with a low albumin to globulin ratio (38.9%) were prominent features of blood biochemistry reports. An alveolar–interstitial pattern was noted in 75% of pre-thoracocentesis radiographs. Pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, thoracic lymphadenopathy and atelectasis of any lung lobe were seen in 88.9%, 75%, 41.7% and 36.1% of cats, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate was 67.5% in both forms. Conclusions and relevance Clinicians should be aware that feline rhodococcosis manifests as a pulmonary disease at a much higher rate than previously reported. Further studies are required to address the epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease management and prognosis of feline rhodococcosis. The role of immunosuppression as a predisposing factor in feline rhodococcosis requires further investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Aslam

Lau

Chin

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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“…These results could not be compared to previous reports because of non availability of such type of study in earlier literature which shows that the present study is probably the first study of resistotypes of R. equi. However, in recent review Khurana (2015) reported emergence of antibiotic resistance to various antibiotics. Resistance to rifampicin in R. equi attributatable to monooxygenase like sequence has been reported (Anderson et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistotypes of Rhodococcus equi isolated from foals with respiratory problems

Chhabra¹,

Khurana²,

Kapoor³

et al. 2016

JEBAS

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KEYWORDS Rhodococcus equi Foal Resistotype Marker ABSTRACTRhodococcus equi has been recognized primarily as a respiratory pathogen of equines particularly of foals between one and four months of age. R. equi is ranked among the most important disease problems in equines especially because of its high prevalence and mortality rate. R. equi being an intracellular pathogen is very fastidious and requires prolonged specific antibiotic combination therapy lasting up to three months for successful treatment. This assumes further importance as no effective vaccination is available for prevention. It has zoonotic potential and may be responsible for infection in immunocompromised humans. This study is aimed at analyzing the distribution pattern of the resistotypes (R-types) of various isolates of R. equi in different areas of Haryana and Rajasthan, India. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of R. equi isolates was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. A total of twenty eight clinical isolates of R. equi from foals from different parts of Haryana and Rajasthan were used in this study. Antibiogram of R. equi isolates with 33 antibiotics revealed ten distinct R-types: R-type 1 to R-type 10, on the basis of variable results of four antibiotics i.e. amoxycillin, gentamycin, colistin and streptomycin. Out of ten resistotypes obtained the relative frequencies of R-1 resistotype and R-4 resistotype were found to be high i.e. 28.57% and 25%, respectively. Differentiation of R. equi strains into R-types is an important tool for therapeutics. In addition to direct foal management, it may have implication in identifying the source and spread of infection, and as epidemiological marker to correlate various isolates from various places, ultimately helping in therapeutics for timely control.

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“…These are coccobacillary, aerobic and non-motile organisms formerly known as Corynebacterium equi. Infection causes subacute or chronic abcessating or suppurative bronchopneumonia, ulcerative lymphangitis and enteritis (Meijer and Prescott, 2004) in foals aged 1-4 months (Tkachuksaad and Prescott, 1991;Yager et al, 1991;Khurana et al, 2009;Von Bargen and Haas, 2009;Khurana, 2015aKhurana, , 2015bKhurana et al, 2015) months old. R. equi has been reported to infect number of domestic animals including pig, sheep, camel and cattle and has been also recognized as opportunistic pathogen in both immunocompetent and immunocom-promised humans and readily cause infection in HIV positive patients (Takai et al, 1995;Mizuno et al, 2005;Napoleao et al, 2005;Khurana, 2014;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Rhodococcus equi Isolates from Foals with Respiratory Problems using a Multiplex PCR for the vap Genes

Chhabra¹

2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| Rhodococcus equi is widely associated with subacute or chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, ulcerative lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and enteritis in foals aged 1-4 months. Identification of the virulence plasmids associated with R. equi is of great importance in ascertaining pathogenicity in equines. Virulence factor is associated with presence of 85-90kb plasmid which encodes various virulence associated proteins (VAP -A

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Current Understanding of Rhodococcus Equi infection and its Zoonotic Implications

Cited by 6 publications

References 89 publications

Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Resistotypes of Rhodococcus equi isolated from foals with respiratory problems

Characterization of Rhodococcus equi Isolates from Foals with Respiratory Problems using a Multiplex PCR for the vap Genes

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