Current Understanding of PCSK9 and Its Relevance to Cancer Prognosis and Immune Therapy: A Review

Hassandokht Mashhadi, Morteza; Taheri, Fahimeh; Irani, Sadaf; Mesbah Mousavi, Arshiya; Mehri, Ali; Javid, Hossein

doi:10.30699/ijp.2023.1999459.3093

Iran J Pathol

2024

DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2023.1999459.3093

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Current Understanding of PCSK9 and Its Relevance to Cancer Prognosis and Immune Therapy: A Review

Morteza Hassandokht Mashhadi,

Fahimeh Taheri,

Sadaf Irani

et al.

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Cited by 2 publications

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Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Sun,

Tian,

Yang

2024

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol

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Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Sun,

Tian,

Yang

2024

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol

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Inhibition of PCSK9: A Promising Enhancer for Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy

Sun,

Ma,

Zuo

et al. 2024

Research

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Immune checkpoint therapy, such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade, has achieved remarkable results in treating various tumors. However, most cancer patients show a low response rate to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, especially those with microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer subtypes, which indicates an urgent need for new approaches to augment the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Cholesterol metabolism, which involves generating multifunctional metabolites and essential membrane components, is also instrumental in tumor development. In recent years, inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serine proteinase that regulates cholesterol metabolism, has been demonstrated to be a method enhancing the antitumor effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to some extent. Mechanistically, PCSK9 inhibition can maintain the recycling of major histocompatibility protein class I, promote low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated T-cell receptor recycling and signaling, and modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by affecting the infiltration and exclusion of immune cells. These mechanisms increase the quantity and enhance the antineoplastic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte, the main functional immune cells involved in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, in the TME. Therefore, combining PCSK9 inhibition therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy may provide a novel option for improving antitumor effects and may constitute a promising research direction. This review concentrates on the relationship between PCSK9 and cholesterol metabolism, systematically discusses how PCSK9 inhibition potentiates PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment, and highlights the research directions in this field.

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Current Understanding of PCSK9 and Its Relevance to Cancer Prognosis and Immune Therapy: A Review

Cited by 2 publications

References 59 publications

Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Target therapy of TIGIT; a novel approach of immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Inhibition of PCSK9: A Promising Enhancer for Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy

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