Current Trends in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: A Review

Abstract

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial bi-condylar joint with 3 degrees of freedom. One-third of the adult population reportedly suffers from temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). Females are more commonly affected than males. Almost 50% of TMD patients do not require any intervention, and the symptoms are self-limiting within one year after the onset; however, 75-80% of adults suffering from TMD require medical intervention and it takes up to three years for the complete remission of the symptoms. The clinical features of TMD are clenching, clicking, and locking of the jaw, and occlusion due to faulty posture. Based on the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorder (DC/TMD) criteria proposed in the year 2014, the classification of TMD is done based on axis I and axis II diagnoses. This review aims to provide an overview of TMD and examine available treatment strategies for TMD. Various conservative treatment methods have been proven to be effective, including self-care strategies, dental treatment strategies, pharmacological treatment, physical therapy modalities, manual mobilization, electrotherapy and dry needling, relaxation techniques, intra-articular injections, cognitive behavioral therapy, and surgical corrections.

Correlation between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Posture Evaluated trough the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

“…The position of the human body as it is displayed in space is referred to as posture. The central nervous system-controlled posture by muscle activation enables modifications due to a sophisticated mechanism integrated by the view and hearing [ 15 ]. TMD has ligaments and muscle connections with the cervical area, so these connections have led to speculation that posture problems may influence the development of TMD [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Obesity and temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Which could be divided into both physical and psychosocial factors [ 10 – 12 ]. Arthrogenous, and the more common myogenous origins can be broadly attributed to the physical causes, which are characterized as disruption of the internal aspect of the joint, and usually pertains to an articular disc that has been displaced, such as abnormal occlusion, mandibular asymmetry [ 12 ], bruxism, teeth grinding, lip biting, joint capsule inflammation or oxidative damage [ 13 ], muscle spasm, and abnormalities in the intraarticular disk [ 10 , 14 ]. The severity for internal derangements of TMJ was classified as early stage, early/intermediate stage, intermediate stage, intermediate/late stage, and late stage, according to clinical, radiologic, and surgical findings [ 15 ].…”

Tooth Colour and Facial Attractiveness: Study Protocol for Self-Perception with a Gender-Based Approach

“…The motivations that lead patients to seek dental treatment are basically of three types: aesthetics [4], functional disorders [5], or related to the solution of a painful symptom [6]. On the other hand, the success of treatment, from both the practitioner's and the patient's point of view, in any therapeutic area of dentistry is inextricably linked to the achievement of high aesthetic standards [7].…”