Current Trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections and Their Treatment

Abstract

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in resource-rich and low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause a wide spectrum of invasive and non-invasive disease. In resourcerich countries, implementation of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been a significant public health achievement. Dramatic decrease in pediatric IPD incidence occurred after PCV7 implementation, but emergence of multi-drug-resistant non-vaccine serotypes (especially 19A) remains a concern. The recently introduced 13-valent PCV (PCV13) has the potential to further reduce the burden of IPD due to serotypes not contained in PCV7. Given the diversity of pneumococcal serotypes and the possibility of serotype replacement disease, innovative approaches to development of pneumococcal vaccines are needed. Continued surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance is crucial to evaluate the impact of PCV13 vaccine. Improved access to PCVs is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality related to IPD in LMIC.

Antibiotic resistance pattern, capsular types, and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the south of Tunisia from 2012 to 2018

“…Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ) is an important pathogen causing invasive diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia worldwide and contributing to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in young children and the elderly [ 1 , 2 ]. In 2010, The European Surveillance System reported an overall incidence of 5.2 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) per 100,000 population, with the most affected age groups being < 1 year and ≥ 65 years old [ 3 ].…”

Pneumococcal colonization impairs mucosal immune responses to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in adults

“…In murine models, a prior exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae influenza virus potentially compromised long-term antiviral antibody-mediated immunity ( 23 ). Colonization of the nasopharynx with pneumococcus is very common during childhood, with a point prevalence of 50% of infants in resource-rich settings and up to 90% in low- and middle-income countries ( 24 ). A significant interaction between S .…”

“…Colonization of the nasopharynx with pneumococcus is very common during childhood, with a point prevalence of 50% of infants in resource-rich settings and up to 90% in low and middle income countries (24). A significant interaction between Spn colonization and influenza vaccination could profoundly impact the utility of vaccination, especially amongst the poorest groups of the world.…”

Pneumococcal colonization impairs nasal and lung mucosal immune responses to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in adults

“…Colonization of the nasopharynx with pneumococcus is very common during childhood, with a point prevalence of 50% of infants in resource-rich settings and up to 90% in low and middle income countries 24 . A significant interaction between Spn colonisation and influenza vaccination could profoundly impact the utility of vaccination, especially amongst the poorest groups of the world.…”

“…In murine models, a prior exposure to S. pneumoniae (Spn) alters the anti-viral B cell responses during co-infection with wild-type influenza virus, potentially compromising long-term antiviral antibody-mediated immunity 23 . Colonization of the nasopharynx with pneumococcus is very common during childhood, with a point prevalence of 50% of infants in resource-rich settings and up to 90% in low and middle income countries 24 . A significant interaction between Spn colonisation and influenza vaccination could profoundly impact the utility of vaccination, especially amongst the poorest groups of the world.…”