Current trends in Nigella sativa L. (Black seed) from traditional to modern medicine with advances in extraction, formulation, quality control, regulatory status, and pharmacology

Abstract

For the first time ever, this novel review enters the enigmatic world of the L. (black seed), known for centuries as a potent source of healing including their relevance to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Written at professional and reference level, it is directed at normal readers with more professional scientists in pharmacy and food science affiliations to serve as a rich source of data on black seed. We embark on an exploration that encompasses the background, significance, and objectives guiding our exploration. Detailed botanical and chemical profiles unravel the mysteries of the black seed, providing insight into its taxonomy, morphology, and chemical composition. Traditional uses, extraction methods, and formulation approaches paint a comprehensive picture of the versatile ways in which the black seed has been employed throughout history. Quality control and standardization practices ensure the integrity of black seed-derived products, while a global regulatory overview brings into focus the challenges and triumphs of incorporating this botanical powerhouse into mainstream pharmacopeias. As we delve into the pharmacological activities, clinical studies, and efficacy of the black seed, we confront safety considerations and potential side effects. The exploration extends into the future, addressing the challenges in commercialization, identifying research gaps, and concluding with the implications of our findings for both healthcare and industry. It should therefore be of special value to researchers affiliated with food science and technology, pharmacy, and pharmaceutical producers requiring up-to-date information on their raw materials, which will probably already have been processed, at least in part.