Current Tobacco Smoking Prevalence Among Iranian Population: A Closer Look at the STEPS Surveys

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian adults, its geographical distribution in 2011, 2016, and time trend during 2004-2016.Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of the published reports of 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, and the data of 2011 and 2016 of the STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance (STEPS) surveys.Results: The prevalence of current tobacco smoking and current daily cigarette smoking in 2016 was 14.1 and 9.7%, respectively. Only 0.2% of participants smoked water-pipe. Current tobacco smoking prevalence remained unchanged during 2004-2016 for both men and women. The prevalence of passive smoking at home or workplace was 27.4%. Current tobacco smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking was significantly lower among women than men. Current tobacco smoking prevalence showed a geographical pattern throughout the country. In both 2011 and 2016, current tobacco smoking prevalence was higher among men who lived in the western provinces, especially the north-west, than those who lived in the eastern and southern provinces.Conclusions: The current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian population has not changed significantly during 2004-2016 and does not conform to the international guidelines. Therefore, it remains crucial yet challenging that effective nationwide policies be implemented to reduce the use of tobacco products. One cannot hope for any reductions in smoking prevalence until a cocktail of interventions are built around strong commitment to government policy.

Lead (Pb) exposure from outdoor air pollution: a potential risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to HPV genotypes

“…Specifically, it seems women smokers have a higher Pb concentration in the endo-cervical tissues than nonwomen smokers, although we could not access smoking habit data of the current study. However, it seems the prevalence rate of tobacco smoking is less than 5% among Iranian women (Sohrabi et al 2020).…”

Current Inequities in Smoking Prevalence on District Level in Iran: A Systematic Analysis on the STEPS Survey

“…Furthermore, more than 25% of all cancer deaths have been attributable to smoking. 1 The prevalence of tobacco smoking has annually decreased by 1.6% globally 2 and has stagnated in Iran in recent years, 3 which is despite its adverse effects, far less than the 5.8% goal set by the World Health Organization. 4 If the current trends persist, it is expected that the total number of annual deaths will increase and reach 10 million by 2030.…”

Age at Smoking Onset and Risk of Heavy Cigarette Smoking Among Iranian Adult Male: An Application of Generalized Additive Model

“…It is estimated that 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide are due to secondhand smoking (SHS), most of which occur in children under 10 years of age (6). According to the latest reports in 2016, the prevalence of daily smoking in Iran is 9.7% and it is signi cantly higher among men (19.6%) than women (0.9%) (7). This is because men are considerably more prone to turn to smoking as a result of a stronger predisposition to risky behaviours and dealing with numerous job-related di culties, family and social duties.…”

“…In the present study, there is also a nonlinear and unknown relationship between one or more features such as age at smoking onset and outcome under consideration (smoking intensity) that conventional statistical models will not be able to identify this type of relationship. Therefore, due to the relatively high prevalence of smoking among Iranian men (7) and its harmful role in causing various diseases, we try to use mentioned model and evaluate this relationship among Iranian adult male smokers over 18 years of age. In addition, by using this model, we identify the risk factors affecting the intensity of smoking.…”