Current strategies and perspectives in detection and control of basal stem rot of oil palm

Abstract

The rapid expansion of oil palm (OP) has led to its emergence as a commodity of strategic global importance. Palm oil is used extensively in food and as a precursor for biodiesel. The oil generates export earnings and bolsters the economy of many countries, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. However, oil palms are prone to basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense which is the most threatening disease of OP. The current control measures for BSR management including cultural practices, mechanical and chemical treatment have not proved satisfactory. Alternative control measures to overcome the G. boninense problem are focused on the use of biological control agents and many potential bioagents were identified with little proven practical application. Planting OP varieties resistant to G. boninense could provide the ideal long-term solution to basal stem rot. The total resistance of palms to G. boninense has not yet been reported, and few examples of partial resistances have been observed. Importantly, basidiospores are now recognized as the method by which the disease is spread, and control methods require to be revaluated because of this phenomenon. Many methods developed to prevent the spread of the disease effectively are only tested at nursery levels and are only reported in national journals inhibiting the development of useful techniques globally. The initial procedures employed by the fungus to infect the OP require consideration in terms of the physiology of the growth of the fungus and its possible control. This review assesses critically the progress that has been made in BSR development and management in OP.

The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy from Diplazium esculentum and Rivina humilis analysis to reveals the existence of necessary components in oil palm plantations of Ganoderma boninense control

“…Thus, early detection methods are urgently required. Only a few methods have been reported to detect this disease before symptoms manifest as fruiting bodies, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Kayalvizhi and Antony, 2011;Utomo and Niepold, 2000;Kandan et al 2009;Siddiqui et al 2021), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Chong et al 2011;Midot et al 2019;Bahari et al 2018;Goh et al 2016), sequencing (Hayati and Basyuni, 2019), laser machine learning (ML) through laser beam scanning (Husin et al 2020), hyperspectral imagery visible near-infrared (VIS-NIR) (Azmi et al 2020;Ahmadi et al 2017;Isha et al 2019), scanning electron microscopy (Alexander et al 2017), and network detection through Ganoderma selective media (GSM) network (Rakib et al 2014;Darus and Seman, 1992;Penido et al 2013). Furthermore, weeds as markers of the organism's presence based on dominant species have also been reported (Saragih and Purba, 2018), with the nutrients in weed leaves compared to infected and uninfected oil palm (Saragih and Purba, 2019).…”

Suppression of Ganoderma boninense Using Benzoic Acid: Impact on Cellular Ultrastructure and Anatomical Changes in Oil Palm Wood

“…The current control measures for BSR management including cultural practices, mechanical and chemical treatment have not proved satisfactory. Alternative control measures to overcome the G. boninense problem are focused on the use of biological control agents and many potential bioagents were identified with little proven practical application [31]. Inefficacy of control of this devastating disease could be due to the lack of understanding of how a pathogen establishes itself on the host and the role of Ganoderma infection concerning wood decay stages in oil palm wood.…”

Alterations in Mycelial Morphology and Flow Cytometry Assessment of Membrane Integrity of Ganoderma boninense Stressed by Phenolic Compounds

“…Additionally, it has been documented that there has been a five-fold increase in the production of oil palm over 10 years [ 9 ]. Consequently, we can deduce that a drastic need for sustainable production of oil palm has been a major concern, globally [ 10 , 11 ].…”

“…The symptoms of BSR are hardly visible at the early stage and by the time it is recognized, it is too late to eradicate the pathogen infection and disease expansion is out of control. Young palms usually die within 6–24 months after the invasion of pathogen, whereas mature palms takes about another 2–3 years after the emergence of first symptoms [ 11 ]. The BSR disease infection destroys the structure and lignin within the tree [ 15 ], extensively disrupting the stem and root system [ 11 ].…”

“…Young palms usually die within 6–24 months after the invasion of pathogen, whereas mature palms takes about another 2–3 years after the emergence of first symptoms [ 11 ]. The BSR disease infection destroys the structure and lignin within the tree [ 15 ], extensively disrupting the stem and root system [ 11 ]. The roots are usually found to be completely colonized and dead before the emergence of foliar symptoms.…”