Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Ishfaq, Muhammad; Hu, Wenjing; Khan, Mohammad Zeb; Ahmad, Ijaz; Guo, Weisi; Li, Jichang

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…6.6.3. Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), an avian pathogen, belonging to the class of Mollicutes, is known as the primary etiological agent of chicken chronic respiratory disease, causing inflammatory damage of the host respiratory system [281]. Initially, when live MG bacteria were incubated with primary chicken tracheal epithelial cells, inflammatory NF-κB-dependent genes were upregulated, while an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the inflammatory response [282].…”

Section: Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

2021

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Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation; however, its roles in poultry have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe a current view on NF-κB functioning in poultry with a specific emphasis to its nutritional modulation under various stress conditions. In particular, on the one hand, it has been shown that, in many stress conditions in poultry, NF-κB activation can lead to increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines leading to systemic inflammation. On the other hand, there are a range of nutrients/supplements that can downregulate NF-κB and decrease the negative consequences of stress-related disturbances in redox homeostasis. In general, vitagene–NF-κB interactions in relation to redox balance homeostasis, immunity, and gut health in poultry production await further research.

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Section: Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

2021

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“…The control strategies for mycoplasmoses vary geographically and include prophylaxis and the use of antibiotics, vaccines, and ultimately, culling. In the context of increasing antibiotic resistance (14) and the relative lack of effective vaccines, better knowledge of the molecular basis of virulence and host-pathogen interactions is required to improve curative protocols and design more efficient vaccines (13, 15). However, the lack of efficient genome engineering tools for many mycoplasmas, including the three species listed above, limits functional genomics approaches and hinders efforts toward the production of rationally designed vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unblocking genome editing of major animal mycoplasmas using CRISPR/Cas9 base editor systems

Ipoutcha

Rideau

Gourgues

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Mycoplasmas are minimal bacteria that infect humans, wildlife, and most economically important livestock species. Mycoplasma infections cause a large range of chronic inflammatory diseases, eventually leading to death in some animals. Due to the lack of efficient recombination and genome engineering tools, the production of mutant strains for the identification of virulence factors and the development of improved vaccine strains is still a bottleneck for many mycoplasma species. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of a CRISPR-derived genetic tool to introduce targeted mutations in three major pathogenic species that span the phylogenetic diversity of these bacteria: the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the two most important bovine mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. As a proof of concept, we successfully used an inducible dCas9-cytidine deaminase system to disrupt several major virulence factors in these pathogens. Various induction times and inducer concentrations were evaluated to optimize editing efficiency. The optimized system was sufficiently powerful to disrupt 54 of 55 insertion sequence transposases in a single step. Whole genome sequencing showed that off-target mutations were limited and suggest that most variations detected in the edited genomes are Cas9-independent. This effective, rapid, and easy-to-use genetic tool opens a new avenue for the study of these important animal pathogens and, most likely, the entire class Mollicutes.SignificanceMycoplasmas are minimal wall-less pathogenic bacteria that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wild animals. Major pathogenic species cause acute to chronic infections involving still poorly characterized virulence factors. The lack of precise genome editing tools has hampered functional studies for many species, leaving multiple questions about the molecular basis of their pathogenicity unanswered. We developed a CRISPR-derived base editor for three major pathogenic species, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Several virulence factors were successfully targeted and we were able to edit up to 54 target sites in a single step. The availability of this efficient and easy-to-use genetic tool will greatly facilitate functional studies in these economically important bacteria.

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“…Goose breeding is a promising and rapidly developing branch of poultry farming in many countries of the world, and the production of high-quality and safe products requires observance of the general and specific prevention measures of not developing of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases at goose-breeding farms. Competent formation of technological schemes of veterinary treatments will ensure high efficiency of enterprises' veterinary services [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning of Measures and Labor Rationing of Specialists in the Sector of Veterinary Services for Commercial Goose Breeding

Vasiliev

Bakanova

Vasilieva

et al. 2022

JPRI

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In goose breeding, the most current issue is to prevent the development of such infectious diseases as viral enteritis of geese, highly pathogenic avian influenza, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, Newcastle disease, colibacillosis. At the same time, specific prevention of some of them is not carried out due to the lack of unified treatments in veterinary care. The technological schemes of veterinary treatments of goose-breeding farms have big difference from each other. The study of working hours for veterinary processes of specialists in goose breeding is necessary as part of the development of recommendations for improving veterinary services for goose farms and planning the schedule of veterinary specialists. There is no modern unified effective system for the prevention of infectious diseases in geese in Russia. The aim of this work was to study the schemes of veterinary and preventive treatments, the development of a technological scheme of veterinary treatments for industrial goose-breeding farms and the time norms for the veterinary measures that ensure the prevention of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases of poultry. The study of the schemes of veterinary treatments in geese and the working time spent of veterinary specialists was carried out in the conditions of goose-breeding farms by using time- and photo-time- studies of the veterinary specialists’ work. Veterinary measures carried out in industrial goose-breeding farms depend on the technological equipment of poultry farms, geographical location, epizootic situation in the region, and the availability of biological products. Technological schemes of veterinary treatments for geese should be improved, taking into account the spread of diseases and the effectiveness of biological products. The presence of a set of measures for general and specific prevention of poultry diseases in the technological scheme of veterinary treatments, developed by us for industrial goose-breeding farms, allows to reduce the risk of spreading infectious and other diseases. During the study 14 time norms were developed for veterinary preventive measures performed by veterinary specialists in the conditions of industrial goose-breeding farms, which are recommended for using while staffing and studying the efficiency of using the labor resources of veterinary specialists.

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Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Cited by 43 publications

References 118 publications

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

Unblocking genome editing of major animal mycoplasmas using CRISPR/Cas9 base editor systems

Planning of Measures and Labor Rationing of Specialists in the Sector of Veterinary Services for Commercial Goose Breeding

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