Current Status of Lymphography

Alternative lymphatic drainage routes from the lateral heel to the inguinal lymph nodes: anatomic study and clinical implications

“…Málek et al ., 12 Haagensen et al 13 . and Viamonte et al 5 . reported lymphangiographic results in the lower extremities using a radio‐opaque contrast medium in vivo .…”

“…It has become increasingly clinically important to understand the anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the lower extremities for the management of melanoma and lymphedema of the lower extremities. Since Aselli 1 identified the lymphatics, the human lymphatic system has been gradually mapped by doctors, anatomists and scientists using dye, 2 mercury, 3,4 iodine and radioactive isotopes, 5 etc. However, current knowledge of the lymphatic system's anatomy does not explain some of the unexpected lymphoscintigraphic findings seen clinically 6–8 …”