Current status of innate immune responses in Malpighian tubules of insects: A review focusing on the Toll signaling pathway
Shahidul Ahmed Khan,
Yeon Soo Han
Abstract:Innate immunity is the immediate and exclusive defense mechanism in invertebrates. It acts against foreign agents and pathogens. In insects, this defense mechanism involves a combination of humoral and cellular responses, orchestrated by specific recognition receptors and the activation of various signaling pathways. Remarkably, Toll and Toll‐related proteins play a pivotal role in insect immunity by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to pathogen attacks. Toll receptors, which… Show more
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