Current status of disposal and measurement analysis of radioactive components in linear accelerators in Korea

Kwon, Na Hye; Shin, Dong Oh; Kim, Jin-Sung; Yoo, Jaeryong; Park, Min Seok; Kim, Kum Bae; Kim, Dong Wook; Choi, Seo-Youn

doi:10.1016/j.net.2021.11.002

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Radiation therapy is a treatment that uses high doses of radiation to target and kill cancer cells, as well as shrink tumors [1]. In the United States, approximately 50% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy [2]. Linear accelerators (LINACs) are the most commonly used equipment for delivering radiation therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LINACs used for radiation therapy deliver photon beams ranging from 6 to 18 MV and electron beams ranging from 4 to 22 MeV [3]. The prolonged use of LINACs with high-energy X-rays (> 8 MV photon beams) leads to radioactivation of the components due to their consistent exposure to radiation [2]. Radioactivation is a phenomenon that occurs when nuclear reactions are induced by high-energy neutrons, photons, and gamma rays, resulting in the generation of radioactive nuclides [2,[4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a radiation detector using a silicon photomultiplier and large Ce-doped Gd-Al-Ga-grant scintillator for gamma spectroscopy observations of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

Park

Kim

2023

J. Inst.

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In this study, a radiation detector based on a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and large Ce-doped Gd-Al-Ga-grant (Ce:GAGG) scintillator was developed for the gamma spectroscopy observations of radioactivation from linear accelerators (LINACs). The calibration of the detector demonstrated a high energy resolution of 15.89% at 122 keV (gamma-ray emission energy of Co-57), 7.04% at 356 keV (gamma-ray emission energy of 133Ba), 6.17% at 511 keV (gamma-ray emission energy of Na-22), and 5.39% at 662 keV (gamma-ray emission energy of Cs-137). These results indicate that the detector employing a larger Ce:GAGG scintillator provides a higher detection efficiency while maintaining superior energy resolution compared to conventional radiation detectors that use smaller Ce:GAGG scintillators. Furthermore, the energy spectrum measurement of the LINAC revealed detection of neutron and gamma peaks of W-187 and Mn-56, as well as annihilation peaks. Although the energy resolution of the detector was inferior compared to an HPGe detector, it was able to measure similar energy peaks. Therefore, the radiation detector developed in this study, which is characterized by its low cost, decent energy resolution, and high detection efficiency, may be useful for obtaining radiation measurements during the disposal of LINACs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a radiation detector using a silicon photomultiplier and large Ce-doped Gd-Al-Ga-grant scintillator for gamma spectroscopy observations of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

Park

Kim

2023

J. Inst.

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“…2 , 3 However, there are few studies on short-lived 4 or long-lived isotopes produced by photonuclear or photoneutron products. 5 The Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is one of the most effective tools for assessing photoneutron doses. A total of 71% of relevant studies have utilized MC methods, and all experimental works are accompanied by analytical or MC calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MCNPX Estimation of Photoneutron Dose to Eye Voxel Anthropomorphic Phantom From 18 MV Linear Accelerator

Alghamdi

2023

Dose-Response

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The dose due to photoneutron contamination outside the field of irradiation can be significant when using high-energy linear accelerators. The eye is a radiation-sensitive organ, and this risk increases when high linear energy transfer neutron radiation is involved. This study aimed to provide a fast method to estimate photoneutron dose to the eye during radiotherapy. A typical high-energy linear accelerator operating at 18 MV was simulated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System extended version (MCNPX 2.5.0). The latest International Atomic Energy Agency photonuclear data library release was integrated into the code, accounting for the most known elements and isotopes used in typical linear accelerator construction. The photoneutron flux from a 5 × 5 cm2 field size was scored at the treatment table plane and used as a new source for estimating the absorbed dose in a high-resolution eye voxel anthropomorphic phantom. In addition, common shielding media were tested to reduce the photoneutron dose to the eye using common shielding materials. Introducing a 2 cm thickness of common neutron shielding medium reduced the total dose received in the eye voxel anthropomorphic phantom by 54%. In conclusion, individualized treatment based on photoneutron dose assessment is essential to better estimate the secondary dose inside or outside the field of irradiation.

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“…Radiation therapy is one of the treatment modalities used to treat cancer, along with surgery and chemotherapy. In the United States, approximately 50% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy [1,2]. The goal of radiation therapy is to treat cancer while minimizing radiation exposure to healthy tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum energy used in radiation therapy with LINAC is typically 18 MV for photon beams [4]. Operation of LINACs with high-energy X-rays (> 8 MV photon beams) results in the components becoming radioactivated due to their continuous exposure to radiation [1]. Radioactivation refers to the occurrence of nuclear reactions induced by high-energy neutrons, photons, and gamma rays, leading to the production of radioactive nuclides [5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of SiPM and CsI(Tl) based radiation detector with light guide for measurement of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

Kim,

Park

2023

J. Inst.

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In this work, a prototype radiation detector was developed using SiPM, a large-sized CsI(Tl) scintillator, and various lengths of light guides, and its performance was evaluated. The conducted studies show that the tested prototype exhibited an enhanced energy resolution improved energy resolution when a 20 mm light guide was used, with respect to the case in which no light guide was employed. Additionally, the radiation detector demonstrated higher detection efficiency compared to other radiation detectors fabricated in this work. The radiation detector prototype under test and equipped with a 20 mm light guide, was used to perform a series of LINAC radioactivation measurements. These measurements resulted in the successful determination of the gamma energy peaks corresponding to W-187 and Mn-56, alongside the accurate measurement of the annihilation peak. These results suggest that the radiation detector employing a light guide for LINAC radioactivation measurements could be a viable alternative to conventional HPGe detectors or scintillation detectors without light guides.

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Current status of disposal and measurement analysis of radioactive components in linear accelerators in Korea

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Development of a radiation detector using a silicon photomultiplier and large Ce-doped Gd-Al-Ga-grant scintillator for gamma spectroscopy observations of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

Development of a radiation detector using a silicon photomultiplier and large Ce-doped Gd-Al-Ga-grant scintillator for gamma spectroscopy observations of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

MCNPX Estimation of Photoneutron Dose to Eye Voxel Anthropomorphic Phantom From 18 MV Linear Accelerator

Feasibility of SiPM and CsI(Tl) based radiation detector with light guide for measurement of radioactivation in a linear accelerator

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