Current status of COVID-19 pandemic; characteristics, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Nokhodian, Zary; Ranjbar, Mohammad Mehdi; Nasri, Parto; Kassaian, Nazila; Shoaei, Parisa; Vakili, Bahareh; Rostami, Soodabeh; Ahangarzadeh, Shahrzad; Alibakhshi, Abbas; Yarian, Fatemeh; Javanmard, Shaghayegh Haghjooy; Ataei, Behrooz

doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_476_20

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…These results represent the first symptom weighting in a population-based screening in Mexico with no exclusion criteria and limitations established by the operational definition established in the Mexican health guidelines. In the same way, differences in the proportions of COVID-19-related symptoms between other studies and ours ( Table 5 ) [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], indicated the importance of expanding the range of symptoms and maintaining updated over time the operational definition in the Mexican health surveillance system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Population-Based COVID-19 Screening in Mexico: Assessment of Symptoms and Their Weighting in Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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Background and Objectives: Sentinel surveillance in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico represented a significant cost reduction and was useful in estimating the population infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, it also implied that many patients were not screened and therefore had no accurate diagnosis. In this study, we carried out a population-based SARS-CoV-2 screening in Mexico to evaluate the COVID-19-related symptoms and their weighting in predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss this data in the context of the operational definition of suspected cases of COVID-19 established by the Mexican Health Authority’s consensus. Materials and Methods: One thousand two hundred seventy-nine subjects were included. They were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. The weighting of COVID-19 symptoms in predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated statistically. Results: Three hundred and twenty-five patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 954 were negative. Fever, asthenia, dysgeusia, and oxygen saturation predicted SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratios ranged from 1.74 to 4.98; p < 0.05). The percentage of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients was 36% and only 38.15% met the Mexican operational definition. Cq-values for the gene N of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly higher in asymptomatic subjects than in the groups of COVID-19 patients with neurological, respiratory, and/or musculoskeletal manifestations (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dysgeusia, fever, and asthenia increased the odds of a positive result for COVID-19 1.74–4.98-fold among the study population. Patients with neurological, respiratory, and/or musculoskeletal manifestations had higher viral loads at COVID-19 diagnosis than those observed in asymptomatic patients. A high percentage of the participants in the study (61.85%) did not meet the operational definition for a suspected case of COVID-19 established by the Mexican Health Authority’s consensus, representing a high percentage of the population that could have remained without a COVID-19 diagnosis, so becoming a potential source of virus spread.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Population-Based COVID-19 Screening in Mexico: Assessment of Symptoms and Their Weighting in Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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“…Molecular assay was thought to be the gold standard for COVID-19 confirmation, but a lot of studies showed that COVID-19 patients may have initial reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negative results (3,4). The false negative results occurred frequently although reasons for false negatives of the molecular assay were found to relate to disease course, having insufficient cellular material for detection, and improper extraction of nucleic acid from clinical materials (3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance of SARS-Cov-2N Protein Antigen Chemiluminescence Immunoassay as Frontline Testing for Acute Phase COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Deng

Pan

et al. 2021

Front. Med.

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Objectives: COVID-19 emerged and rapidly spread throughout the world. Testing strategies focussing on patients with COVID-19 require assays that are high-throughput, low-risk of infection, and with small sample volumes. Antigen surveillance can be used to identify exposure to pathogens and measure acute infections.Methods: A total of 914 serum samples, collected from 309 currently infected COVID-19 patients, 48 recovered ones, and 410 non-COVID-19 patients, were used to measure N protein antigen levels by a chemilumineseent immunoassay. Diagnostic performances were analyzed in different periods after onset.Results: There was a high level of N protein antigen in COVID-19 patients (0.56 COI), comparing to the recovered patients (0.12 COI) and controls (0.19 COI). In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve of serum N protein antigen was 0.911 in the first week after onset. In this period, Sensitivity and specificity of serologic N protein antigen testing was 76.27 and 98.78%. Diagnosis performance of specific antibodies became better from the third week after onset. Subgroup analysis suggested that severe patients had higher levels of antigens than mild patients.Conclusions: High level of serum antigen suggested early infection and serious illness. Serum N protein antigen testing by chemiluminescence immunoassay is considered as a viable assay used to improve diagnostic sensitivity for current patients.

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“…It is named because of the presence of crown-like spikes glycoprotein on its surface. The capability to infect multiple hosts and the cause of different diseases despite indicating acute respiratory infections in humans make this virus a complex pathogen [5] , [6] . The genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 shows close relation with bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21; its receptor-binding domain is similar to SARS-CoV, according to homology modeling [7] .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Sars-cov-2 and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine design and delivery approaches for COVID-19

Shahzamani

Mahmoudian

Ahangarzadeh

et al. 2021

International Immunopharmacology

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COVID-19 is still a deadly disease that remains yet a major challenge for humans. In recent times, many large pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical companies have invested a lot of time and cost in fighting this disease. In this regard, today's scientific knowledge shows that designing and producing an effective vaccine is the best possible way to diminish the disease burden and dissemination or even eradicate the disease. Due to the urgent need, many vaccines are now available earlier than scheduled. New technologies have also helped to produce much more effective vaccines, although the potential side effects must be taken into account. Thus, in this review, the types of vaccines and vaccine designs made against COVID-19, the vaccination programs, as well as the delivery methods and molecules that have been used to deliver some vaccines that need a carrier will be described.

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Current status of COVID-19 pandemic; characteristics, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Cited by 16 publications

References 138 publications

Population-Based COVID-19 Screening in Mexico: Assessment of Symptoms and Their Weighting in Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Population-Based COVID-19 Screening in Mexico: Assessment of Symptoms and Their Weighting in Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Infection

High Performance of SARS-Cov-2N Protein Antigen Chemiluminescence Immunoassay as Frontline Testing for Acute Phase COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Vaccine design and delivery approaches for COVID-19

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