Current status of bluetongue virus in the Americas

Transmission and Epidemiology of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in North America: Current Perspectives, Research Gaps, and Future Directions

“…We identify gaps in our epidemiological knowledge, and identify strategies for addressing these gaps. This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the Orbivirus literature, and so the reader is referred to the numerous relevant reviews that contain significant sections on the epidemiology and pathobiology of BT and EHD in North America (Hoff and Hoff 1976, Hoff and Trainer 1978, Thomas 1981, Walton et al 1984, Gibbs and Greiner 1989, Nettles et al 1992a, Tabachnick 1996, Howerth et al 2001, Stallknecht and Howerth 2004, Tabachnick 2004, Walton 2004, Wilson et al 2009, Savini et al 2011.…”

Global health

“…The principal control measure in the USA is vector control. Mobility restrictions of other countries are there considered as non-tariff trade barriers (Wilson et al, 2009). In Central and South America only little information is available on BTV making an exact assessment of the epidemiological situation impossible.…”

“…In climatically mild regions of Africa, transmission can take place constantly (Dungu et al, 2004). There are many details regarding the interaction between virus and vector, which still have to be clarified in order to reach a better understanding of BT epidemiology (Wilson et al, 2009). It is assumed that some BTV strains are able to infect the fetus via the placenta.…”

Climate, Landscape, and the Risk of Orbivirus Exposure in Cattle in Illinois and Western Indiana

“…In the United States, Culicoides sonorensis is the primary vector of BTV (with the exception of Florida, where Culicoides insignis is the primary vector). 2 There is substantial evidence supporting C. sonorensis as a competent vector of EHDV in the United States based on oral susceptibility tests, transmission of EHDV to ruminants under experimental conditions, and isolation of EHDV from field populations of C. sonorensis . [11][12][13] There have also been observations of C. sonorensis feeding on white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) during an epizootic of EHDV in Kentucky.…”

“…1 Twenty-four serotypes of BTV have been identified of which six (BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-10, BTV-11, BTV-13, BTV-17) have been isolated in the United States. 2 Of the seven EHDV serotypes identified worldwide, three (EHDV-1, EHDV-2, EHDV-6) have been isolated in the United States 3 Both serogroups infect ruminants; BTV causes a severe disease primarily in naive sheep populations while EHDV causes severe disease primarily in wild deer. Cattle can be infected by both viruses, although clinical illness in the United States has been rare.…”