Current Status and Future Prospects for Breeding Hybrid Rice and Wheat

Virmani, S. S.; Edwards, Ian B.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60354-5

Cited by 118 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Pengaruh lingkungan atau musim terhadap kemampuan memulihkan kesuburan tepung sari tampaknya tidak begitu nyata. Hal ini terbukti dari hasil penelitian IRRI di mana galur-galur pemulih kesuburan asal IRRI yang ditanam di Philiphina dan Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsa, memberikan hasil yang sama di kedua tempat tersebut (Virmani and Edwards 1983).…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Identifikasi Galur-galur Elit Padi (Oryza sativa) untuk Tetua Padi Hibrida

Nugraha¹,

Lubis²,

Diredja³

2017

BPN

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One of the efforts to increase rice yield is through hybrid rice production. Hybrid rice has now been commercialized in Indonesia. The parental lines of the hybrids developed in Indonesia mostly came from introduced lines. Those lines were more susceptible to stresses, especially to pests and diseases, that make the yield of the hybrid fluctuated and wasn't stable. Hence, it is needed to develop hybrid variety using Indonesian parental line which were well adapted to Indonesia. Therefore, identification of those lines is needed. ABSTRAKSalah satu upaya untuk meningkatan hasil padi adalah dengan penanaman varietas hibrida. Saat ini di Indonesia mulai menerapkan teknologi padi hibrida secara komersial. Padi hibrida yang berkembang di Indonesia berasal dari galur-galur tetua hasil introduksi. Biasanya galur-galur tetua introduksi lebih peka terhadap perubahan kondisi lingkungan terutama hama dan penyakit, sehingga hasilnya lebih berfluktuasi dan tidak stabil. Dengan demikian perlu dirakit varietas padi hibrida dengan menggunakan galur padi hasil pemuliaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi (Balitpa) yang telah beradaptasi baik di Indonesia. Galur-galur tersebut perlu diidentifikasi sebelum digunakan sebagai tetua padi hibrida dengan cara diuji silang. PENDAHULUANSalah satu upaya dalam peningkatan hasil padi adalah dengan penanaman varietas hibrida. Saat ini Indonesia mulai menerapkan teknologi padi hibrida secara komersial. Untuk membentuk padi hibrida diperlukan penggunaan galur mandul jantan dalam persilangan. Galur mandul jantan yang paling banyak digunakan di beberapa negara yang mengembangkan padi hibrida adalah galur mandul jantan sitoplasmik (cytoplasmic male-sterile line) atau disebut juga sistem tiga galur karena melibatkan tiga galur tetua dalam persilangan, masing-masing galur mandul jantan sitoplasmik, galur pemulih kesuburan, dan galur pemelihara mandul jantan (Yuan 1998).Padi hibrida yang berkembang di Indonesia, baik yang dihasilkan oleh institusi pemerintah maupun swasta, berasal dari galur-galur tetua introduksi. Biasanya varietas/galur introduksi lebih peka terhadap perubahan kondisi lingkungan, terutama hama penyakit, sehingga hasilnya lebih berfluktuasi dan tidak stabil. Dengan demikian perlu dirakit varietas padi hibrida yang lebih sesuai dengan kondisi lingkungan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan varietas/galur yang telah beradapsi di Indonesia sebagai bahan genetik. Bahan genetik tersebut berupa varietas unggul dan galur-galur yang dihasilkan dalam program pemuliaan padi konvensional (inbrida).

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Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Identifikasi Galur-galur Elit Padi (Oryza sativa) untuk Tetua Padi Hibrida

Nugraha¹,

Lubis²,

Diredja³

2017

BPN

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“…The concentration of pollen in the air at a given time is a function of (1) pollen production per anther (2) percent of anther extrusion and (3) the number of anthers per unit area (Joppa et al 1968;Virmani and Edwards 1983). Of these, anther extrusion was found to have the greatest effect on pollen dispersal with Joppa et al (1968) able to predict pollen shedding capacity of a cultivar from percent anther extrusion, number of pollen grains per anther, and number of fertile florets plot (1 .…”

Section: Pollen Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a Kansas study, the average number of pollen grains detected at 48 m ranged from 33 to 48, with pollen still detected at 60 m (Khan et al 1973). However, the study was not extended beyond 60 m and a subsequent Kansas study demonstrated wheat pollen can travel up to 1000 m (Virmani and Edwards 1983). Little is known regarding pollen movement at large scales, and more research is needed.…”

Section: Pollen Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement

Willenborg¹,

Acker²

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Willenborg, C. J. and Van Acker, R. C. 2008. The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 997Á1013. This review summarizes the biological and ecological factors of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that contribute to trait movement including the ability to volunteer, germination and establishment characteristics, breeding system, pollen movement, and hybridization potential. Although wheat has a short-lived seedbank with a wide range of temperature and moisture requirements for germination and no evidence of secondary dormancy, volunteer wheat populations are increasing in relative abundance and some level of seed persistence in the soil has been observed. Hexaploid wheat is predominantly self-pollinating with cleistogamous flowers and pollen viability under optimal conditions of only 0.5 h, yet observations indicate that pollen-mediated gene flow can and will occur at distances up to 3 km and is highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns. Hybridization with wild relatives such as A. cylindrica Host., Secale cereale L., and Triticum turgidum L. is a serious concern in regions where these species grow in field margins and unmanaged lands, regardless of which genome the transgene is located on. More research is needed to determine the long-term population dynamics of volunteer wheat populations before conclusions can be drawn with regard to their role in trait movement. Seed movement has the potential to create adventitious presence (AP) on a larger scale than pollen, and studies tracing the movement of wheat seed in the grain handling system are needed. Finally, the development of mechanistic models that predict landscape-level trait movement are required to identify transgene escape routes and critical points for gene containment in various cropping systems. ) qui concourent au flux de certains caracte`res, dont la repousse spontane´e, la germination et les parame`tres de l'implantation, le syste`me de reproduction, le de´placement du pollen et le potentiel d'hybridation. Bien que les semences du ble´n'aient pas une grande longe´vite´et que leur germination soit lie´e a`maintes contraintes thermiques et hydriques, sans e´vidence de dormance secondaire, les peuplements a`re´ge´ne´ration naturelle sont de plus en plus nombreux et on note une certaine persistance des semences dans le sol. Le ble´hexaploı¨de est essentiellement autogame; ses fleurs sont cle´istogames et, dans les conditions optimales, le pollen n'est viable que 0,5 h. Pourtant, des observations indiquent que le pollen est responsable d'un flux ge´ne´tique jusqu'a`une distance de 3 km, mais que le phe´nome`ne de´pend fortement de la direction des vents dominants. L'hybridation avec des espe`ces sauvages apparente´es telles A. cylindrica Host., Secale cereale L. et Triticum turgidum L. est tre`s pre´occupante dans les re´gions ou`ces espe`ces poussent a`la lisie`re des champs et dans les terres incultes, peu importe le ge´nome portant le transge`ne. Il faudr...

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“…One parent line is induced to be male sterile, such that it is incapable of self-pollination, and the other desired parent line is planted next to it with a ''restorer'' gene that allows pollen from this parent to fertilize the adjacent male-sterile line to produce viable seed. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the main type of male sterility used for hybrid breeding in rapeseed (Virmani and Edwards 1983). To date, only two CMS systems with stable male sterility and a high degree of fertility restoration have been widely used in rapeseed hybrid production: Ogura and Polima (Zhou and Fu 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytological and molecular analysis of Nsa CMS in Brassica napus L.

et al. 2015

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Nsa cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a novel Brassica napus male sterility system derived from Sinapis arvensis cytoplasm. Nsa CMS results in defective pollen production due to S. arvensis mitochondrial gene failure/incompatibility in the anthers, requiring nuclear genes to restore fertility. From ultramicroscopic observation of anther sections, we concluded that the induction of sterility begins at the pollen (microspore) mother cell stage. Most pollen mother cells do not undergo the first meiotic division and dissociate before the tetrad stage. At the tetrad stage, abortion was observed for all uninucleate pollen. Dysfunction of mitchondrial gene(s) leads to cell vacuolization in the anther tapetum and middle layer cells. Early programmed cell death (PCD) of the tapetum and anther middle layer cells is the main reason for pollen mother cell abortion. Due to this early pollen abortion, the sterility of Nsa CMS is stable and complete. Southern blotting of DNA from the Nsa male-sterile line, its maintainer and restorer lines, as well as the two parental lines (B. napus cv. Zhongshuang 4 and S. arvensis var. Yeyou 18) involved in the somatic hybridization, suggested that the cytoplasm of the Nsa CMS line was from S. arvensis and that of the restorer line was a rearrangement of both parental lines. Nsa CMS shows great potential for hybrid seed production in rapeseed. Our results provide clues to identify novel male-sterility (S) and restorer (R) genes as well as elucidate the mechanism underlying interactions between the S and R genes.

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Current Status and Future Prospects for Breeding Hybrid Rice and Wheat

Cited by 118 publications

References 123 publications

Identifikasi Galur-galur Elit Padi (Oryza sativa) untuk Tetua Padi Hibrida

Identifikasi Galur-galur Elit Padi (Oryza sativa) untuk Tetua Padi Hibrida

The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement

Cytological and molecular analysis of Nsa CMS in Brassica napus L.

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