Current Status and Future Directions of the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab in Oncology

Abstract

The treatment landscape in oncology is quickly evolving with the advent of ICIs.

The emerging role of immune checkpoint inhibition in malignant lymphoma

“…13,14 Clinical results of ipilimumab in other malignancies, 15 as well as results of a second anti-CTLA-4 antibody (tremelimumab; Medimmune/Astra Zeneca) have so far been modest and these drugs are undergoing further clinical investigation.…”

Repurposing platinum-based chemotherapies for multi-modal treatment of glioblastoma

“…29 Specifically, both ipilimumab and nivolumab improve overall survival compared to the first line chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma in a subset of patients. 30 To date, most immune checkpoint inhibitor studies have focused on treating melanoma; however, emerging evidence suggests that these therapies can be applied successfully to other cancers. 29 The success of immune checkpoint blockade in various cancer types highlights the importance and potential of immunomodulation for GBM.…”

Immunotherapy to Address Unmet Needs in Oncology; Two Clinical Vignettes of Response in Metastatic Malignant Melanoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

“…Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are among the foremost anti-PD-1 antibodies which are being/have been tested in different cancers including but not restricted to melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma as well as head and neck cancers and lymphoma (20,21). This case discussion was as attempt to discuss the evidence supporting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in cancers, namely MM and NSCLC, and the possibility for their combination with other anticancer agents in future directions of clinical trials to help increasing the number of long-term survivors.…”