Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: I. Primary production

Tremblay, Jean‐Éric; Robert, Dominique; Varela, Diana E.; Lovejoy, Connie; Darnis, Gérald; Nelson, R. John; Sastri, Akash R.

doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0496-3

Cited by 99 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In contrast, the polar oceans are areas where POC flux is likely to rise. Vast abyssal and bathyal areas of the Arctic and Southern Oceans are predicted to experience a POC flux increase of upto 60 and 53%, respectively (Tables 2, 3; Figures 2, 3) as a result of longer ice-free periods (Comiso, 2010), though accounting for future shifts in phytoplankton size and their nutrient supply could modify this expectation (Tremblay et al, 2012;Arrigo, 2013). Localized increases in POC are also predicted for upwelling regions, such as coastal Chile and the west coast of the United States (Figures 2, 3) .…”

Section: Poc Flux or Food Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Sweetman

Thurber

Smith

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

255

297

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The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and biosphere. Rising atmospheric greenhouse gases are bringing about significant changes in the environmental properties of the ocean realm in terms of water column oxygenation, temperature, pH and food supply, with concomitant impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Projections suggest that abyssal (3000-6000 m) ocean temperatures could increase by 1°C over the next 84 years, while abyssal seafloor habitats under areas of deep-water formation may experience reductions in water column oxygen concentrations by as much as 0.03 mL L -1 by 2100. Bathyal depths (200-3000 m) worldwide will undergo the most significant reductions in pH in all oceans by the year 2100 (0.29 to 0.37 pH units). O 2 concentrations will also decline in the bathyal NE Pacific and Southern Oceans, with losses up to 3.7% or more, especially at intermediate depths. Another important environmental parameter, the flux of particulate organic matter to the seafloor, is likely to decline significantly in most oceans, most notably in the abyssal and bathyal Indian Ocean where it is predicted to decrease by 40-55% by the end of the century. Unfortunately, how these major changes will affect deep-seafloor ecosystems is, in some cases, very poorly understood. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the impacts of these changing environmental parameters on deep-seafloor ecosystems that will most likely be seen by 2100 in continental margin, abyssal and polar settings. We also consider how these changes may combine with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., fishing, mineral mining, oil and gas extraction) to further impact deep-seafloor ecosystems and discuss the possible societal implications.

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Section: Poc Flux or Food Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Sweetman

Thurber

Smith

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

255

297

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“…Among the reasons responsible for this now increasingly challenged view is the high seasonality of marine primary production that is strongly constrained to the short time window of a few weeks when snow melt and ice break-up allow for photosynthetically active radiation to reach the surface water column (Tremblay et al 2012). Another important potential explanation, however, is the paucity of studies devoted to the long winter season at high latitudes, during which poor light and hostile ice-infested waters render sampling extremely costly and difficult.…”

Section: The Pelagic Food Web During Wintermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this review, we present a selection of preliminary research results and distil some of the main findings on arctic marine ecosystems acquired through three major IPY projects: the Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study (CFL); Canada's Three Oceans (C3O); and Global Warming and Arctic Marine Mammals (GWAMM) (see Tremblay et al 2012 for scope of projects). We also provide an up-todate status of knowledge on Arctic marine biodiversity, gained from the CHONe and Arctic Census of Marine Life initiatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity

et al. 2012

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As part of the Canadian contribution to the International Polar Year (IPY), several major international research programs have focused on offshore arctic marine ecosystems. The general goal of these projects was to improve our understanding of how the response of arctic marine ecosystems to climate warming will alter food web structure and ecosystem services provided to Northerners. At least four key findings from these projects relating to arctic heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling and biodiversity have emerged: (1) Contrary to a long-standing paradigm of dormant ecosystems during the long arctic winter, major food web components showed relatively high level of winter activity, well before the spring release of ice algae and subsequent phytoplankton bloom. Such phenological plasticity among key secondary producers like zooplankton may thus narrow the risks of Climatic Change

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“…Over the past decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced significant change (e.g. Christensen et al, 2007 and references therein) including warming (Loeng, 2005, Trenberth et al, 2007, sea-ice decline (Polyakov et al, 2010;Stroeve et al, 2012), freshening (McPhee et al, 2009 and reference therein) and increasing surface carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations (Cai et al, 2010) with concomitant ocean acidification Yamamoto-Kawai et al, 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Model studies show that by consuming more carbon in the surface layer, marine phytoplankton may potentially increase the oceanic sink of CO 2 (Schneider et al, 2004). However, the Arctic Ocean is characterized by high heterotrophic bacterioplankton concentrations (Li et al, 2009) leading to net heterotrophy, which is responsible for the rapid turnover of carbon through a highly efficient microbial loop (Rokkan Iversen and Seuthe, 2011;Tremblay et al, 2012). Despite Arctic marine ecosystems experiencing the strongest ocean acidification, no specific ocean acidification mesocosm study has been conducted in the northern high latitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelagic community production and carbon-nutrient stoichiometry under variable ocean acidification in an Arctic fjord

et al. 2013

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Net community production (NCP) and carbon to nutrient uptake ratios were studied during a large-scale mesocosm experiment on ocean acidification in Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, during June–July 2010. Nutrient depleted fjord water with natural plankton assemblages, enclosed in nine mesocosms of ~ 50 m³ in volume, was exposed to pCO₂ levels ranging initially from 185 to 1420 μatm. NCP estimations are the cumulative change in dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations after accounting for gas exchange and total alkalinity variations. Stoichiometric coupling between inorganic carbon and nutrient net uptake is shown as a ratio of NCP to a cumulative change in inorganic nutrients. Phytoplankton growth was stimulated by nutrient addition half way through the experiment and three distinct peaks in chlorophyll a concentration were observed during the experiment. Accordingly, the experiment was divided in three phases. Cumulative NCP was similar in all mesocosms over the duration of the experiment. However, in phases I and II, NCP was higher and in phase III lower at elevated pCO₂. Due to relatively low inorganic nutrient concentration in phase I, C : N and C : P uptake ratios were calculated only for the period after nutrient addition (phase II and phase III). For the total post-nutrient period (phase II + phase III) ratios were close to Redfield, however they were lower in phase II and higher in phase III. Variability of NCP, C : N and C : P uptake ratios in different phases reflects the effect of increasing CO₂ on phytoplankton community composition and succession. The phytoplankton community was composed predominantly of haptophytes in phase I, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes in phase II, and haptophytes, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates and chlorophytes in phase III (Schulz et al., 2013). Increasing ambient inorganic carbon concentrations have also been shown to promote primary production and carbon assimilation. For this study, it is clear that the pelagic ecosystem response to increasing CO₂ is more complex than that represented in previous work, e.g. Bellerby et al. (2008). Carbon and nutrient uptake representation in models should, where possible, be more focused on individual plankton functional types as applying a single stoichiometry to a biogeochemical model with regard to the effect of increasing pCO₂ may not always be optimal. The phase variability in NCP and stoichiometry may be better understood if CO₂ sensitivities of the plankton's functional type biogeochemical uptake kinetics and trophic interactions are better constrained

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Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: I. Primary production

Cited by 99 publications

References 66 publications

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity

Pelagic community production and carbon-nutrient stoichiometry under variable ocean acidification in an Arctic fjord

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