Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China

Gu, Minghong; Xu, Lijun; Wang, Xiaoquan; Liu, Xiufan

doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0453-2

Cited by 160 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…These H9N2 viruses furthermore share several related genes with H5N1 and H7N9 subtype viruses that have caused hundreds of severe human infections 50–55 . The G1 lineage to which the GFHK99 virus belongs circulates widely in the poultry of Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa and reassorts frequently with other poultry adapted IAVs 56–59 . Our comparison of reassortment in guinea pigs and quail indicates that reassortment could be particularly prevalent in the context of zoonotic infection of mammals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective interactions augment influenza A virus replication in a host-dependent manner

Phipps

Ganti

Jacobs

et al. 2019

Preprint

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22implicated the PA gene segment as a major driver of this phenotype and quantification of viral 33RNA synthesis indicated that both replication and transcription were affected. These findings 34 indicate that multiple distinct mechanisms underlie IAV reliance on multiple infection and 35 underscore the importance of virus-virus interactions in IAV infection, evolution and emergence. 36Importantly, multiple infection with identical viral genomes can also alter infection 58 outcomes. Such cooperation was documented for VSV and HIV, where rates of transcription and 59 replication were enhanced with increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI) 23,24 . Similarly, faster 60 kinetics of virus production were seen at high MOI for poliovirus and IAV 19,25 . In these instances, 61 it is thought that increased copy number of infecting viral genomes provides a kinetic benefit 62 important in the race to establish infection before innate antiviral responses take hold. Indeed, it 63 has been suggested that multiple infection may be particularly relevant for facilitating viral growth 64 under adverse conditions, such as antiviral drug treatment 3,26 . 65For IAV, an important adverse condition to consider is that of a novel host environment. 66IAVs occupy a broad host range, including multiple species of wild waterfowl, poultry, swine, 67 humans and other mammals 27,28 . Host barriers to infection typically confine a given lineage to 68 circulation in one species or a small number of related species 29,30 . Spillovers occur occasionally, 69 however, and can seed novel lineages. When a novel IAV lineage is established in humans, the 70 result is a pandemic of major public health consequence 31,32 . The likelihood of successful cross-71 species transfer of IAV is determined largely by the presence, absence, and compatibility of host 72 factors on which the virus relies to complete its life cycle, and on the viruses' ability to overcome 73 antiviral defenses in the novel host [33][34][35] . 74Our objective herein was to assess the degree to which IAV relies on the delivery of 75 multiple viral genomes to a cell to ensure production of progeny. In particular, we sought to 76 determine whether this phenotype varies with host species. We therefore examined the 77 multiplicity dependence of one human and a panel of avian-origin viruses in multiple host systems. 78Results from all virus/cell combinations tested confirm prior reports that cells multiply-infected with 79 IAV produce more viral progeny than singly-infected cells. Importantly, however, the extent to 80 which viral progeny production is concentrated within the multiply-infected fraction of a cell 81 population varies greatly with virus-host context. Two poultry-adapted H9N2 viruses (A/guinea 82 fowl/HK/WF10/99 (GFHK99) and A/quail/HK/A28945/88 (QaHK88)) exhibit an acute dependence 83 on multiple infection in mammalian systems that is greatly diminished in natural host systems. 84This strong dependence on multiple infection is not seen for the human strain, influenza 85 ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective interactions augment influenza A virus replication in a host-dependent manner

Phipps

Ganti

Jacobs

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…This may point to some factors directly linked to geographical distance to contribute to the viral spread of H9N2 across countries. Contact between domestic and wild birds is inevitable in the transitional and intensive livestock and two-way virus transmission has been documented between them (Bahl et al, 2016;Gu et al, 2017). Wild birds could therefore spread H9N2, as they can easily cross borders and then transmit the viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian phylodynamics of avian influenza virus H9N2 in Asia with time-dependent predictors of migration

Yang

Müller

Bouckaert

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Model-based phylodynamic approaches recently employed generalized linear models (GLMs) to uncover potential predictors of viral spread. Very recently 1 Author summaryWhat drives the geographic dispersal and genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in Asia? We used two model-based approaches, DTA and 2 MASCOT, to reconstruct the phylogeographic dynamics of the virus. Further, multiple potential predictors were used to inform the virus spread and population dynamics by GLMs. Here, we maximised the power of time-series predictors in Bayesian phylodynamic prediction. For the first time, we were able to quantify the contribution of both time-series and constant predictors to both migration rates and effective population sizes in a structured population. We identified a positive association of international poultry trade and national poultry production time-series with virus migration rates and effective population sizes respectively. We also identify geographic proximity as a strongly supported driver to virus migration rates and this points to the potential role of wild bird populations in virus dispersal across countries. Our study is a practical exemplar of the use of temporal information in predictors to model heterogeneous spatial diffusion and population dynamic processes and provides direction to H9N2 control efforts in Asia. 9

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“…Since 1990, influenza A(H9N2) has circulated among domestic poultry in Asian countries and has now globally expanded . So far, human infections have mainly been reported in Hong Kong and mainland China . Although A(H9N2) infection results in mild disease or asymptomatic illness, the emergence of this virus is worrisome because it could potentially transfer its genes to another strain.…”

Section: Avian Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging respiratory infections threatening public health in the Asia‐Pacific region: A position paper of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology

Park

Song

et al. 2019

Respirology

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In past decades, we have seen several epidemics of respiratory infections from newly emerging viruses, most of which originated in animals. These emerging infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and avian influenza (AI) viruses, have seriously threatened global health and the economy. In particular, MERS-CoV and AI A(H7N9) are still causing infections in several areas, and some clustering of cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) may imply future possible pandemics. Additionally, given the inappropriate use of antibiotics and international travel, the spread of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is also a significant concern. These infections with epidemic or pandemic potential present a persistent threat to public health and a huge burden on healthcare services in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, to enable efficient infection prevention and control, more effective international surveillance and collaboration systems, in the context of the 'One Health' approach, are necessary.

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Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China

Cited by 160 publications

References 81 publications

Collective interactions augment influenza A virus replication in a host-dependent manner

Collective interactions augment influenza A virus replication in a host-dependent manner

Bayesian phylodynamics of avian influenza virus H9N2 in Asia with time-dependent predictors of migration

Emerging respiratory infections threatening public health in the Asia‐Pacific region: A position paper of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology

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